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7 – Discussion and Analysis 7.3 Calculation of the Seasonal Performance Factor 7.3.1 Introduction The seasonal performance factor (SPF) is the key parameter when evaluating the energy efficiency of residential brine-to-water and water- to-water heat pump systems for combined space heating and hot water heating. The SPF, which is defined as the ratio of the annual heat supply from the heat pump system and the total energy supplied, depends on a number of factors, including: ♦ The annual space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) demands, the maximum heat loads and load variations over the day/year. ♦ The sizing of the heat pump unit in relation to the maximum space heating load (monovalent/bivalent), and the requirement for supple- mentary heating by means of a peak load unit/system (ref. Section 2.4.2, Design of the Heat Pump System). ♦ The capability of the heat pump unit for heating DHW to the required temperature level, and the requirement for reheating of DHW (ref. Section 2.4.2). ♦ The coefficient of performance (COP) for the heat pump unit at varying operating conditions. ♦ The variations in the supply (set-point) temperature for the space heating system during the heating season. ♦ The set-point temperature for the DHW system. ♦ The temperature variations for the heat source. ♦ The energy consumption of pumps and auxiliary equipment. ♦ The control system. The SPFs for the prototype brine-to-water CO2 heat pump and a high- efficiency state-of-the-art residential brine-to-water R-407C/R-410A heat pump unit were estimated on the basis of constant temperature conditions for the evaporator, the space heating system and the hot water system during the heating season. With reference to Section 7.2.4.1, an improved CO2 heat pump system with 10% higher COP than that of the prototype CO2 system was also investigated in order to demonstrate the future potential of the integrated CO2 heat pump system. 224PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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