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SPF = QSH + QDHW where the subscripts SH and DHW refer to the SH mode and the DHW mode, respectively, Q is the total annual heating demand of the residence, PL and HP represent the share of the total annual heating demand that is covered by the peak load unit and the heat pump unit, respectively (i.e. HP+PL = 1), COP is the average COP for the heat pump unit, and η is the average efficiency for the peak load unit(s). In a monovalent heat pump system, the heat pump unit covers the entire space heating demand, and auxiliary heating is not required (i.e. PLSH=0). The SPFs for the heat pump systems were calculated on the basis of rela- tive values for the heating demands, and the results were presented as a function of the seasonal DHW heating capacity ratio. The latter is defined as the ratio of the annual heat delivered for DHW production and the total heat delivered from the heat pump unit/system. The boundary conditions for the heat pump systems were as follows: 7 – Discussion and Analysis 7.3.2 Basis of Calculations The SPF for a monovalent or bivalent heat pump system (ref. Section 2.1, Classification of Residential Heat Pump Systems) is calculated as follows: ⎡ ⎛ HP PL⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ HP PL⎞⎤ ⎢Q⋅⎜ + ⎟⎥ +⎢Q⋅⎜ + ⎟⎥ (7.1) ⎜COP η⎟ ⎜COP η⎟ ⎣⎝ ⎠⎦SH ⎣⎝ ⎠⎦DHW ♦ Heat source ♦ SH system ♦ DHW system ♦ DHW ratio ♦ Peak load ♦ Pumps 0oC inlet brine temperature for the evaporator 35/30oC supply/return temperature (constant) Bivalent system – electric peak load unit (η=1.0) 10/60oC city water/DHW temperature (constant) Reheating with electric immersion heater (η=1.0) 0 to 50% The annual heat production constituted 10% of the annual space heating demand (bivalent systems) Annual energy consumption not included The measured and calculated COPs for the heat pump systems at the selected boundary conditions are presented in Table 7.3. 225PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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