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The innovative and sustainable trans-critical CO2 heat pump system of 80 ton capacity was commissioned in January 2016 at the 120,000 square foot Alaska SeaLife Center to displace conventional oil and electric boilers. The CO2 heat pump system was further improved in mid-2016 and has produced significant cost savings thru the sub-arctic winter of Seward, Alaska. The project required a challenging integration of four Mayekawa trans-critical CO2 heat pumps into a large and existing conventional medium temperature hydronic system. A primary goal of the project was to demonstrate the cost savings, operational advantages, and promising market potential of the natural refrigerant CO2 for hydronic heating in colder northern climates. This project is at this time the first known case in the USA of trans-critical CO2 heat pumps replacing hydronic heat from conventional oil and electric boilers in a commercial sized facility. The project has been closely monitored since start up via Tracer ESSM, a web based controls system developed by Trane USA, and results thus far show that heat from the CO2 heat pump system has been produced for less than half of the cost of the heat produced by the original conventional boilers, and without combustion emissions or synthetic refrigerant leaks. Data collected for the winter of 2016/2017 has allowed an efficiency and cost analysis of the system. This project has the primary goal of evaluating the market potential of this trans-critical CO2 heat pump system to offset and ultimately replace the use of oil boilers in cold climates ,and other heat pump systems that utilize synthetic refrigerants with significantly higher greenhouse warming potential (GWP). A comparison in performance and refrigerant leak events of the new Mayekawa CO2 heat pumps to a pair of older Trane RTWD rotary screw heat pumps operating in the same facility that utilize R-134a refrigerant (GWP=1400) is shown on appended monitoring and performance reports for each heat pump system. A key innovation of the CO2 refrigerant heat pump system lies in the design of both source side and load side loops which have proven to be reliable and low maintenance. The design is original in that the load side return temperature is reduced through various heat loads that are served in a series arrangement, rather than a single parallel hydronic loop. These heat loads are arranged from higher temperature to lower, such that the load side flow leaving the heat pumps at 194F ultimately returns to the heat pumps in the range of 90F to 120F. This drop in load side temperatures of 70F to 100F is significantly larger than what conventional hydronic heating systems are designed for; this is why trans-critical CO2 heat pump integration into a boiler system has previously gained little traction. The innovative design presented in this project holds lessons that are replicable in other commercial and institutional facilities located in cold climates where adequate open source or ground source water is the available source for CO2 heat pumps. This demonstration project is tangible and useful in northern climate markets because it’s based on a full scale system that has been operating through two successive Alaska winter seasons with complete web based monitoring of key performance data. This data is logged once per minute and includes loop flows, temperature, electrical energy demand (KW) and usage (KWH), heat transfer rates (MBH), total heat production (MMBTU), cooling loads (MBH), outside air temperature, seawater temperature, individual heat pump COP, and total system COP.1 1 Andy Baker, P.E., YourCleanEnergy LLC 3PDF Image | Trans-Critical CO2 Heat Pump System AEA Grant
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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