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Rapport 2414173 - October 2007 __________________________________________________________________ - A third era, dating from 19942, during which HFCs (Hydro-Fluoro-Carbon refrigerants) have been massively introduced in the AC&R industry. Because of their nil contribution to ozone depletion, these substances were promoted as the new "miracle" solution to the global environmental problems. Kyoto 1999 : HFCs are put in a "basket" of GHG substances However, the HFCs have been listed amongst the substances contributing to global warming (Greenhouse Gases – GHG) in the Kyoto Protocol in 1999, and the widespread use of these refrigerants is not expected to last. This brief look at history shows that as refrigerants evolved, no global approach has been adopted to simultaneously address the various issues, mainly due to the lack of knowledge (the effect of chlorine in the ozone layer was only discovered in 1975), but also because scientific evidence of the effects of refrigerants was not acknowledged. So far, mainly synthetic, man-made substances, have been used as refrigerants, and their environmental effects could only be identified on the long term. Table 1 summarizes the properties and environmental impacts of some refrigerants. This Table shows that no progress has been made in terms of global warming potential when switching from HCFCs to the HFC family. With climate change becoming a major concern worldwide, the use of HFCs will be regulated. It is noteworthy that for automotive air conditioning applications, the EC has already scheduled a progressive phase-out of R134a as of year 2011, while limiting the GWP value of refrigerants to be used in new car models to a value of 150. In September 2007, the German automakers association (VDK) selected carbon dioxide as its preferred R134a alternative for automobile air conditioning. 1.3.Natural refrigerants applications Some European countries, such as Denmark, have already locally enforced rules to limit the use of HFCs. This trend is spreading to other European countries. With increasing environmental awareness, it is therefore expected that many refrigeration applications presently using HFCs will require other refrigerants. 2 This date marks the introduction of refrigerant R134a in automobile air conditioning __________________________________________________________________________________________ SHERPHA PROJECT - Transcritical R744 Heat Pumps – Technician's Manual 6/63PDF Image | Transcritical R744 (CO2) Heat Pumps 2017
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