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Catalysts 2020, 10, 1287 2 of 25 Catalysts 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 been considered as one of the optimal candidate fuels that substitute or supplement fossils in many aspuplpicleamtioenst[f1o1s]s.ilEsthinanmoalnisythaeppmliocsatiuosnesd[a1n1]d.lEatrhgaenstoladisdithiveemtoogstasuosleinde,aannddlacargnebsteasedadmitilvesesltyo agcacseoslsiende,bayntdhceawnibdesteaenmelregsysliynafrcacsetsrsuecdtubryest.hFeuwrtihdersmt eonrer,geythiannfroalsitsrualcstouraens.imFuprothrtearnmtoarned, ewthidaenloyl uiseadlsocoamnmimopnocrhteamnticaanldfewedidsetolyckusfoerdocrogmanmicocnhcehmemicaiclsalafnededmsteodcikcaflodriosirngfaencitcancht.eLmaircgael-ssacanlde methedanicoall pdriosdinufcetcitoanto. dLatregies-mscailnelyebthaasendolonptrhoedfuecrtmioentatotiodnaotfeagisricmulatiunrlaylcbaarbseodhydonrattehsesufcehrmasecnatnaetiosungaorf angdricuorltnusrtalrchar.bHoohwydervaetre,sitsusecehmas tchaantensautguarer acanndncotrpnrsotavricdhe. bHoothwfeovoedr,aitnsdeefumesl ftohratansatitlul-rgerocawninogt apnrdoviindcerebaostihngfolyodenaenrdgyf-uheulnfogryawstoilrl-lgdrpowopinuglaatinodniinctrheaesninegalryfuentueregyT-heurnegforryew, CoOrldcpoonpvuelrastiiontion 2 etthheanoelardrfiuvteunrebyTrheenrewfoarbe,leCeOne2rcgoynovffeersrisoangtoodethalatneronladtirvivee(nScbhyemren1e)w.ableenergyoffersagood alternative (Scheme 1). Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of carbon recycling via CO2-to-ethanol conversion powered by Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of carbon recycling via CO2-to-ethanol conversion powered by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. According to the variety of renewable solar energy assistance, CO2-to-ethanol conversion can be According to the variety of renewable solar energy assistance, CO2-to-ethanol conversion can be divided into three major categories: electrocatalytic reduction by an electrolyzer powered by commercial divided into three major categories: electrocatalytic reduction by an electrolyzer powered by photovoltaic (PV) devices, photocatalytic reduction by an efficient photocatalyst, photoelectrocatalytic commercial photovoltaic (PV) devices, photocatalytic reduction by an efficient photocatalyst, reduction by a semiconducting photocathode and an electrolyzer [12]. Over the past decades, photoelectrocatalytic reduction by a semiconducting photocathode and an electrolyzer [12]. Over the numerous efforts have been devoted to researching the three kinds of CO2 reduction techniques for the past decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to researching the three kinds of CO2 reduction production of clean fuel ethanol [13–16]. Different from C1 products (CO, CH4, formate, methanol, techniques for the production of clean fuel ethanol [13–16]. Different from C1 products (CO, CH4, etc.), the multiple electron–proton transfers involved with ethanol production from CO2 have been formate, methanol, etc.), the multiple electron–proton transfers involved with ethanol production reported with low efficiency due to the kinetic barriers. Typically, multiple electron–proton transfer from CO2 have been reported with low efficiency due to the kinetic barriers. Typically, multiple steps must be orchestrated with their own associated activation energies, thus presenting kinetic electron–proton transfer steps must be orchestrated with their own associated activation energies, barriers to the forward reaction [12]. Therefore, efficient and robust electrocatalysts, photocatalysts thus presenting kinetic barriers to the forward reaction [12]. Therefore, efficient and robust and photoelectrocatalysts are required to promote this kinetically sluggish reduction process. electrocatalysts, photocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts are required to promote this kinetically This review will focus on the most-studied catalysts and their corresponding catalytic systems sluggish reduction process. for the reduction of CO2 to ethanol in the categories of electrochemical, photochemical and This review will focus on the most-studied catalysts and their corresponding catalytic systems photoelectrochemical approaches. Since the catalytic activity and selectivity are mainly determined by for the reduction of CO2 to ethanol in the categories of electrochemical, photochemical and the structures and surface states of catalysts as well as the reaction conditions, the second section of this photoelectrochemical approaches. Since the catalytic activity and selectivity are mainly determined review provides the general principles of electroreduction, photoreduction and photoelectroreduction by the structures and surface states of catalysts as well as the reaction conditions, the second section of CO2, as well as the theoretical foundation for ethanol production. Lastly, a short prospect is given of of this review provides the general principles of electroreduction, photoreduction and the challenges and new directions in the development of efficient CO2 reduction to solar fuel ethanol. photoelectroreduction of CO2, as well as the theoretical foundation for ethanol production. Lastly, a short prospect is given of the challenges and new directions in the development of efficient CO2 reduction to solar fuel ethanol. 2. Basic Principles of Clean Fuel Ethanol Production from CO2 2.1. CO2 ElectroreductionPDF Image | Advances in Clean Fuel Ethanol Production from CO2 Reduction
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