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Energies 2020, 13, 5198 9 of 11 Table 3. EIS data estimated from the EEC proposed in Figure 3 for different carbon papers as ADL and the maximum power density achieved for each condition. DL CMethanol ROhm (Ω) RA (Ω) 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 RC (Ω) 0.37 0.29 0.24 0.03 0.12 0.27 0.27 0.18 0.24 0.39 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.21 0.20 0.32 0.13 0.15 0.20 0.15 RCrossover (Ω) 0.61 0.53 0.45 0.93 1.35 0.58 0.54 0.44 1.20 0.62 0.56 0.52 0.31 0.30 0.55 0.78 0.64 0.55 0.46 0.32 Power Density (mW/cm2) 0.67 1.14 1.27 1.12 0.72 1.14 1.32 1.56 0.50 1.19 1.16 1.58 1.96 2.28 1.75 1.02 1.13 1.39 2.82 2.63 CP 1M 0.55 2M 0.84 3M 0.87 5M 0.80 1M 0.85 2M 0.69 CP_T 3M 0.66 5M 0.66 7M 0.44 CP_MPL CP_MPL_T 1M 0.37 2M 0.50 3M 0.66 5M 0.49 7M 0.36 9M 0.42 1M 0.35 2M 0.34 3M 0.29 5M 0.32 7M 0.32 3.4. Economic Evaluation To reach its commercialization and massive use, the pDMFCs must be cost competitive and have an overall cost, which include material, manufacturing, operating, and maintenance costs, similar to the technologies that they will replace, i.e., batteries. Among these costs, the material ones are responsible for the major fraction on these systems’ total costs. Regarding them, it is known that the catalysts presented in the catalyst layers are the major components responsible for its higher value. Additionally, as the pDMFCs efficiency is limited by the electrochemical reaction rates occurring at both anode and cathode sides, which are very slow, to achieve the power outputs needed for real applications, the catalyst loadings recommended for these systems are approximately 4 mg/cm2 at the anode and 4 mg/cm2 at the cathode of Pt and Pt-based catalyst that are costly. However, for some specific applications, where the power requirements are not so demanding, a sustainable solution towards the reduction of the system costs is to use lower amounts of the noble metals, such as Pt and Pt/Ru. Having this approach in mind, one of the goals of this work was to optimize the performance of a pDMFC by testing different carbon-based materials as ADL, with different properties and costs, and using a 3-layer membrane with lower loadings on both catalyst layers. The costs of the different ADLs tested are presented in Table 4. These costs were used to estimate the costs of two different 5-layer MEAs, for each ADL and using CC as cathode DL. One of them (5-layer MEA) has the state-of-the-art catalyst loadings (4 mg/cm2 Pt/Ru and 4 mg/cm2 Pt) and the other (5-layer low-cost MEA) lower loadings (3 mg/cm2 Pt/Ru and 1.3 mg/cm2 Pt). These values can be also found in Table 4. As shown in Table 4, concerning the costs of the most commonly materials used as ADL, CP has a higher price/cm2 than CC. However, as shown in Table 4, these materials with a dual-layer structure have similar prices, with the exception of CC_MPL_E that has a higher cost. Additionally, as higher performances were obtained using an ADL with a dual-layer structure for the two carbon-based materials tested, CC and CP (Figures 4 and 5, Tables 2 and 3), due to enhanced reaction rates and lower methanol crossover rates, towards an optimal balance between the cell performance and costs, these materials should be preferred. Comparing the two 5-layer MEAs, it can be seen that the one proposed in this work allowed a cost reduction of 12%. However, as already mentioned, this MEA can only be used in some particular applications, where the power requirements are not very demanding.PDF Image | Anode Diffusion Layer Properties on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
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