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Energies 2020, 13, 5198 10 of 11 Table 4. Costs of the carbon-based materials tested as ADL, the 5-layer low-cost membrane electrode assembly (MEA) (3 mg/cm2 Pt/Ru and 1.3 mg/cm2 Pt), the 5-layer MEA (4 mg/cm2 Pt/Ru and 4 mg/cm2 Pt), and cost reduction using the low-cost MEA: active area 25 cm2. ADL Material CC CC_T CC_MPL CC_MPL_E CP CP_T CP_MPL CP_MPL_T 4. Conclusions ADL Cost (€) 3.00 2.65 2.83 12.00 8.80 6.85 2.83 2.83 5-Layer Low-Cost MEA (€) 138.00 137.65 137.83 147.00 143.80 141.85 137.83 137.83 5-Layer MEA (€) 157.00 156.65 156.83 166.00 162.80 160.85 156.83 156.83 Cost Reduction (%) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 A major challenge on the development of pDMFC systems towards its implementation in the market is to use cost-effective materials with attractive performances. Therefore, it is mandatory to use lower catalyst loadings, since the noble metals used as catalysts in these systems have higher costs, and operate de cell with higher methanol concentrations without significant losses of methanol to the cathode side. Having this in mind, the goal of this work was to test different carbon-based materials, carbon cloth and carbon paper, with different properties/structures as ADL in a pDMFC, using a MEA with lower catalyst loadings, towards its optimization in terms of performance and costs. The cell behavior was analyzed by polarization and EIS measurements, which permitted the assessment of each loss that affect the pDMFC behavior. Towards a quantification of these losses an innovative EEC proposed in this work was fitted to the EIS data, showing a good agreement with the experimental results and therefore, reproducing with accurateness the pDMFC under study. The results revealed that better performances were achieved using ADLs with a dual-layer Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 12 structure mainly due to an improvement of the methanol transport and methanol oxidation reaction rate on the anode side, oxygen reduction on the cathode side and a reduction of the contact resistance between the BL and the catalyst layer and on the methanol crossover rate. Additionally, the use of between the BL and the catalyst layer and on the methanol crossover rate. Additionally, the use of CCs CCs with a dual-layer structure showed slightly higher performances that the CP ones. with a dual-layer structure showed slightly higher performa2nces that the CP ones. In this work, a maximum power density of 3.00 mW/cm , was achieved using CC_MPL as anode In this work, a maximum power density of 3.00 mW/cm2, was achieved u2sing CC_MPL as anode diffusionlayer,aNafion117membrane,ananodecatalystloadingof3mg/cm ofPt/Ruandacathode diffusion layer, a Nafion 117 m2embrane, an anode catalyst loading of 3 mg/cm2 of Pt/Ru and a cathode catalyst loading of 1.3 mg/cm of Pt, and a methanol concentration of 5 M. With this work, a tailored catalyst loading of 1.3 mg/cm2 of Pt, and a methanol concentration of 5 M. With this work, a tailored MEA, build-up with the commercially available materials for these systems, was proposed that MEA, build-up with the commercially available materials for these systems, was proposed that allowed allowed achieving a lower methanol crossover rate operating the cell with higher methanol achieving a lower methanol crossover rate operating the cell with higher methanol concentrations and concentrations and a cost reduction of 12%. a cost reduction of 12%. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; methodology, B.A.B.; formal analysis, B.A.B.; Author Contributions: Conceptualization, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; methodology, B.A.B.; formal analysis, B.A.B.; investigation, B.A.B.; resources, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; writing—original draft preparation, B.A.B.; writing— investigation, B.A.B.; resources, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; writing—original draft preparation, B.A.B.; writing—review review and editing, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; supervision, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; funding acquisition, V.B.O. and and editing, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; supervision, V.B.O. and A.M.F.R.P.; funding acquisition, V.B.O. and B.A.B. B.A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding:ThTehesuspupoprotrotfo“fCo“oCrodoerndaeçnãaoçãdoeAdepeArfepieçrofaemiçoenamtoednetoPedsesoPalesdseoaNlívdelSNuípvelrioSru,pCeAriPoEr,S—CABPraEzSil—” Brazil” through the Ph.D. fellowship BEX 12997/13-7. This work was financially supported through the Ph.D. fellowship BEX 12997/13-7. This work was financially supported by: Project PTDC/EQU- by: Project PTDC/EQU-EQU/32116/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032116—funded by FEDER funds through EQU/32116/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032116—funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020—Programa COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through (PIDDAC) through FCT/MCTES. POCI (FEDER) also supported this work via CEFT, project UID/EMS/00532/2019. FCT/MCTES. POCI (FEDER) also supported this work via CEFT, project UID/EMS/00532/2019. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1. Kamarudin, S.; Achmad, F.; Daud, W.R.W. Overview on the application of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 6902–6916, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.013. 2. Munjewar, S.S.; Thombre, S.B.; Mallick, R.K. Approaches to overcome the barrier issues of passive direct methanol fuel cell—Review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 67, 1087–1104, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.002. 3. Oliveira, V.; Pereira, J.P.; Pinto, A. Effect of anode diffusion layer (GDL) on the performance of a passivePDF Image | Anode Diffusion Layer Properties on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
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