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Energies 2010, 3 1513 Table 4. Basic properties of Tokuyama membranes [13,34,97,98]. Membrane Type Electric Resistance (0.5 N NaCl)/.cm2 Burst strength/MPa Exchange group Thickness/μm Ion exchange capacity/mmol g-1 OH- conductivity/mS cm-2 Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) high glass transition temperature (Tg = 212 °C) and hydrolytic stability [111]. PPO based membranes were studied for DMAFC applications. Chloroacetylated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (CPPO) with bromomethylated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) blend membranes were characterised [112]. Substituted materials have good miscibility since they all have PPO backbones. A blend membrane with 30–40 wt% CPPO was recommended. The membranes exhibited a high hydroxyl conductivity (up to 0.032 S/cm at 25 °C) and extremely low methanol permeability (1.26–1.04 ×10−7 cm2s−1), which is suitable for application in low temperature DMAFCs [113]. Quaternized polyethersulfone Cardo anion exchange membranes have been prepared [114]. Polyethersulfone Cardo was chloromethylated with the complex solution of chloromethylether and zinc chloride. Subsequent reaction with trimethylamine and ion exchange with sodium hydroxide yielded the alkaline anion exchange membrane. Ionic conductivities of QPES-C membrane in 1 M NaOH solution were 4.1 × 10−2 S cm−1 to 9.2 × 10−2 S cm−1 and methanol permeability was from 5.72 × 10−8 to 1.23 ×10−7 cm2 s−1 over the temperature range 25–70 °C indicating potential applications in DMAFC. An alternative approach to the production of AEMs is the use of suitable doping/reaction of polymer films with KOH. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes have attracted interests in recent years for high temperature PEMFC applications. An alternative approach to the production of AEMs is the use of suitable doping/reaction of polymer films with KOH. An alkali-doped PBI membrane showed higher conductivity than H2SO4-doped PBI and H3PO4-doped PBI at 25 degrees C [115]. Hou et al. used KOH-doped PBI as membrane for DAAFCs to be able to work at higher temperatures, i.e. at improved reaction kinetics. The PBI-based MEA yielded power densities of ca. 30 mW cm−2 for methanol [116] and 60 mW cm−2 for ethanol [117]. They also reported that methanol and ethanol diffusivity through the PBI membrane was significantly below that of Nafion. Modestov et al. reported a direct ethanol fuel cell using alkali doped PBI-membrane with Pt-free catalysts, namely 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine cobalt(II) supported on Vulcan XC72 carbon for the cathode and RuV alloy supported on Vulcan XC72 for the anode. They achieved a maximum power density of 125 mW cm−2 [118]. These reports suggest a possibility to develop high temperature DAAFC which could significantly improve the reaction activity on alcohol oxidation. Non perfluorinated membranes have attracted interests because of their low cost. Yang et al. studied polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based membranes for use in alkaline alcohol fuel cells. PVA crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) [119], PVA/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite membrane [120] and PVA/TiO AHA A201 A901 Strong basic anion permeable 4.1 0.30 ≥0.90 Tetraalkyl ammonium groups with polyolefin backbone chain 240 1.15–1.25 0.4 0.2 Quaternary Quaternary ammonium ammonium 28 10 1.7 1.7 29 11.4 (PPO) is a unique material with strong hydrophobicity, aPDF Image | Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
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