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Energies 2010, 3 1519 alkali. Apart from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol have also shown encouraging fuel cell performances. These alcohols have higher energy density than methanol, and are not toxic, which make them potential candidates as power sources for portable electronic devices. However, due to the higher energy to break C-C bonds during the oxidation, no complete oxidation to CO2 from polycarbon alcohols was achieved with current catalysts. Research on developing more active catalysts is a significant challenge. Besides most used precious metal Pt and Pt alloys, other lower cost metal catalysts, such as Pd and Ni and metal alloys have exhibited potential to be used as alternatives for Pt catalysts. Lanthanum, strontium oxides and perovskite-type oxides have also been investigated for alcohol oxidation. Fuel crossover from the anode to cathode is a factor that limits fuel cell performance because of the mixed potential caused by fuel oxidation on the cathode. This effect causes a significant loss in fuel cell performance. However fuel crossover is significantly less in DAAFCs due to the direction of electric osmotic drag from cathode to anode. At present, Pt is still the most popular cathode catalyst for a direct alcohol fuel cell although Pt is highly sensitive to alcohols. Several catalysts have been developed and exhibited less sensitivity on alcohol oxidation. Examples are Pd- or Ag-based catalysts, as well as non-precious metal catalysts based on Mn-oxides. Rather than electrolytes such as KOH and NaOH, solid electrolyte membranes have been used more and more in DAAFCs. Various types of anion exchange membranes, e.g. polytetrafluoroetheneco- hexafluoropropylene or poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), have been developed and investigated in alkaline fuel cells. Direct alcohol anion exchange membrane fuel cells are still at early stages of development. In order to improve the power output from DAAFCs, and produce viable alkaline fuel cell systems as portable power sources, further research and development efforts need to be focused on novel catalysts and anion exchange membrane development: (1) Metal oxides as the promoter for catalysts. Some metal oxides, in particular CeO2, Mn3O4 and SnO2, have multiple oxidation states and can store and release oxygen [132]. These metal oxides can be used as promoters to improve catalyst activity and fuel cell performance. (2) Transition metal macrocycle based oxygen reduction catalysts with improved activity and selectivity. These catalysts have shown highly selective catalytic activity for oxygen reduction in the presence of methanol and CO in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) and hydrogen fuel cells [133,134]. Metal macrocyclic catalysts are stable in neutral and alkaline media. This suggests their application will be more feasible for DAAFCs. (3) Novel anion exchange membranes with improved stability and ionic conductivity. One of the key issues in the development of DAAFCs is the membrane electrolyte. There is still no AEM equivalent to Nafion for solid polymer electrolyte alkaline fuel cells, even though significant progress has been made in the last decade. Further investigation on poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) based membranes, alkaline doped AEMs and composite AEMs might be possible to produce a novel AEM with improved properties suitable for DAAFC applications.PDF Image | Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
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