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Beyond hydrogen: The New Chemistry of Fuel Cells Background Information More on the inefficiencies of internal combustion engines Fuels cells are much more efficient than internal combustion engines, that is, they convert more of the energy available in the chemical bonds of a fuel into useful kinetic energy that actually ends up moving a car down the road. There are three main sources of inefficiency in internal combustion engines. The first is that most of the energy released in an internal combustion engine is released as heat. Some of this heat makes gases in the cylinders expand, pushing the pistons, and ultimately, turning the wheels of the car. However, pushing the pistons doesn’t use nearly all the heat produced. When the gases are through pushing, they are sill very hot, and much of the heat is sent out the tailpipe of the car with the hot exhaust gases. What’s more, a lot of the heat released doesn’t do any useful work at all, but just makes the metal in the engine hot. This is the nature of heat, to flow from hot objects to cold objects, so containing it requires a fight against the second law of thermodynamics. A fuel cell releases most of its energy as electrical current rather than heat, reducing this kind of inefficiency. The second source of inefficiency is friction. An internal combustion has lots of moving parts. Pistons slide up and down in cylinders, the crankshaft moves in its bearings, and so forth. Every time moving parts move in contact with non-moving surfaces, the moving parts must overcome friction. There is plenty of friction in an internal combustion engine, cutting its efficiency. Fuel cells, on the other hand, have few moving parts, and therefore little loss of energy due to friction. The third source of inefficiency in an internal combustion engine has to do with the way pistons move. In an internal combustion engine, pistons are constantly moving back and forth, accelerating to very high speeds, coming to a stop, and then accelerating in the opposite direction. When the fast-moving piston comes to a stop, a lot of its kinetic energy is converted to heat rather than being used for work. Some clever designs, like the Wankel rotary engine used by Mazda in several models, eliminate this problem. Needless to say, fuel cells have no pistons and no such energy losses. More on the drawbacks of methanol For all their advantages, methanol fuel cells do have two serious drawbacks. The first is a property of the fuel itself. Methanol is much more toxic than gasoline and other alternative fuels like ethanol. In the body, methanol attacks the optic nerve and can cause permanent blindness if ingested in small doses. Larger doses can be fatal. The second drawback has to do with the operation of methanol fuel cells. Methanol molecules can sometimes pass through the polymer membrane which separates the anode catalyst from the cathode catalyst. The methanol molecules are then oxidized into CO2 and H2O, but without producing any useful electrical current. This is called crossover oxidation, and it results in a reduction in the amount of useful energy obtainable from a given amount of methanol fuel. More on the drawbacks of ethanol Ethanol fuel cells aren’t as efficient as methanol fuel cells because ethanol molecules contain carbon-carbon bonds, which don’t oxidize as efficiently in fuel cells as, say, carbon- oxygen bonds do. However, bigger disadvantages may revolve around the production of ethanol. Depending on the source, ethanol may or may not be a “green” fuel. Corn-based ethanol still requires fossil fuel use, once growing the corn, fermentation, and distillation havePDF Image | BEYOND HYDROGEN
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