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been taken into account, so the decrease in greenhouse gas emission is much smaller than you would expect. Ethanol from sugar cane is somewhat less energy-intensive to produce. On the other hand, sugar cane ethanol is less energy-intensive to produce. Many other plants are currently being investigated as ethanol sources. Furthermore, the use of corn-based ethanol as a fuel has driven up corn prices world-wide, leading to increased food prices. In February of 2007, there were even street protests in Mexico City over the high price of corn tortillas, a direct result of the use of corn-based ethanol fuels. More on other fuels Alcohols aren’t the only fuels being considered as alternatives to hydrogen for use in fuel cells. Ammonia, dimethyl ether, and formic acid are also under investigation. In ammonia fuel cells, ammonia essentially acts as a medium for delivering hydrogen to the fuel cell. First, the ammonia is heated to decompose it into hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas. Then the hydrogen gas is oxidized into water as in a normal hydrogen fuel cell. The main advantage of ammonia as a fuel is that it can be liquefied at moderate pressures, and therefore is easier to handle, store, and transport than hydrogen. Dimethyl ether (DME) offers this same advantage. DME is less toxic than methanol, and DME fuel cells don’t suffer from crossover oxidation the way methanol fuel cells do. Formic acid also offers the advantages of lower toxicity and reduced crossover oxidation. There is an important difference between fuel cells that use fuels like ammonia and those that use fuels like formic acid or dimethyl ether. Ammonia is not itself electrolyzed in an ammonia fuel cell. Rather, ammonia is decomposed into N2 gas and H2 gas, and the H2 gas is electrolyzed as in a normal hydrogen fuel cell. Fuel cells that convert their fuels into hydrogen are called reforming fuel cells. Formic acid and DME, on the other hand, are themselves electrolyzed in fuel cells. Fuel cells that do not convert their fuels into hydrogen or other substances are called direct fuel cells. Ethanol and methanol fuel cells are usually direct fuel cells. More on fuel cell electrode materials Traditionally, platinum has been the metal of choice in both the anode and the cathode of polymer-electrolyte fuel cells, regardless of the fuel used. Recently, a new platinum-nickel alloy called Pt3Ni(III) has been developed which is ten times as catalytically active as platinum alone when used as a cathode material. For the cathode catalyst to work, molecular oxygen from the air must be adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst. However, when platinum cathodes are used, hydroxide ions produced as intermediates in the production of water molecules adsorb tightly to platinum atoms at the surface of the catalyst, blocking those surface platinum atoms. Hydroxide ions adsorb much less strongly on Pt3Ni(III), meaning fewer surface platinum atoms will be blocked, and more will be available onto which O2 can adsorb. The greater catalytic activity increases the efficiency of fuel cells, which is important in the case of methanol fuel cells which already suffer from losses of efficiency due to crossover oxidation. More on polymer electrolyte membranes Most experimental fuel cells for automotive use involve polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. These are fuel cells in which the electrolyte which separates the anode and the cathode is a thin layer of a special polymer designed to conduct cations, but not electrons. Polymers are giant molecules containing thousands of atoms, usually arranged in a chain-like structure. Many polymers are made up of a main backbone chain, with small side chains of atoms attached to the atoms in the backbone chain. In polymer electrolytes, these side chains contain ionizable groups. Nafion, a polymer often used for making fuel cell electrolyte membranes, is a polymer containing mostly carbon and fluorine atoms, but with side chains containing sulfonate groups, usually with sodium as the counterion. The anionic sulfonatePDF Image | BEYOND HYDROGEN
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