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Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol: Adding Economic Value and Jobs to Rural Economies and Communities While Reducing Emissions place—close proximity to suitable oilfields and higher oil prices—that cannot be replicated elsewhere today. For production of biogenic CO2 from the fermentation of ethanol to expand and become a major source of supply for oil production with geologic storage, that CO2 must be delivered to the oilfields at a market price compatible with the economics of EOR projects. Similarly, ADM’s current efforts at its Decatur ethanol facility in Illinois to capture CO2 and store it in a saline formation depends on federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the purposes of first-time commercial-scale demonstration. Red Trail Energy in Richardton, ND, also plans to store 180,000 MT of CO2 annually from ethanol fermentation in the Broom Creek saline formation by 2020.10 However, further commercial-scale deployment of saline storage of CO2 from ethanol production will be challenged without financial incentives. Proposed federal incentives described in this paper, such as the extension and reform of the Section 45Q Tax Credit for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration, coupled with complementary policies such as tax exempt private activity bonds (PABs) and tax-advantaged master limited partnership (MLP) structures, will bring down the cost of carbon capture, compression and pipeline transport enough to enable widespread deployment and competitive delivery of anthropogenic CO2 from ethanol into existing and emerging EOR markets. Furthermore, in some geographic locations, proposed federal incentives could facilitate biogenic CO2 from ethanol production being captured, transported and stored in saline geologic formations, even without the need for revenue from the sale of CO2 to the oil industry. Large reserves of domestic oil exist in the lower 48 states that could, through expanded CO2-EOR with storage, reduce the trade deficit and our need for foreign oil, while generating significant employment, 10 Lisa Gibson (2017), Red Trail Energy moves forward with carbon capture research, Ethanol Producer Magazine. Available at: http://www. ethanolproducer.com/articles/14428/red-trail-energy-moves-forward-with- carbon-capture-research [Accessed July 3, 2017] tax revenue and emissions reductions.11 To date, the production of mature U.S. oilfields is being extended by decades through the injection of CO2. A near- term opportunity exists to enhance domestic energy production and generate federal and state revenue from oil production, while simultaneously reducing millions of tons of annual CO2 emissions. By enacting the 45Q tax credit, PAB and MLP incentives, we can drive investment in carbon capture at ethanol plants and pipeline infrastructure to increase the market supply of anthropogenic CO2 available to the U.S. EOR industry. Carbon Capture and Utilization: The Next Step in Adding Value to the Ethanol Industry The ethanol industry has a history of innovation to reduce energy and water use, drive down costs, generate new sources of revenue from value-added byproducts, and lower the carbon intensity over time. Numerous studies have documented the steady progress in improving the efficiency of energy use in ethanol production.12 As the ethanol industry has improved energy efficiency and lowered emissions, it has also sought new opportunities for revenue from different products, in addition to ethanol. Each 56-pound bushel of corn produces about 17 pounds of dried distillers grains, now widely marketed as animal feed. Wet mill ethanol plants produce a variety of food and bio-based chemical products. Many dry mill ethanol plants are exploring strategies for extracting additional value from distillers grains, including extracting corn oil for food and biodiesel production, and extracting cellulosic fiber for ethanol production. Recovery of these value- added byproducts has contributed to the lowering of ethanol’s carbon intensity over time. In the context of 11 For example, Advanced Resources International estimates that, using current industry practices, 24.3 billion barrels of additional oil could be economically recovered through CO2-EOR from U.S. onshore fields in the lower 48 states, while storing 8.9 billion MT of CO2. With the adoption of next generation techniques, those estimates rise to 60.7 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil and 17.3 billion MT of CO2, respectively. See ARI analysis in CO2 Building Blocks: Assessing CO2 Utilization Options, National Coal Council, 2016, Appendix 2, p. 96. 12 As an example, see research from Argonne National Laboratory, as cited in https://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/mitigation_technologies/ USDAEthanolReport_20170107.pdf Page 13 Prepared by the State CO2-EOR Deployment Work GroupPDF Image | Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol
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