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Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol: Adding Economic Value and Jobs to Rural Economies and Communities While Reducing Emissions suitable for saline storage, the financial benefit of not needing major investment in new pipeline infrastructure is offset by the lack of a revenue stream from selling CO2 to the EOR industry. Additionally, ethanol plants produce small volumes of CO2, compared to a typical coal-fired power plant or many other industrial facilities. Thus, individual ethanol plants must be aggregated along a common trunk pipeline and connected by feeder lines, not only to realize economies of scale associated with transportation infrastructure costs, but also to provide a large and dependable supply of CO2. Figure 4 illustrates the relative concentration and volume of CO2 from ethanol refineries compared to other industrial sources. Therefore, at current lower oil prices, it is unlikely that significant additional carbon capture and CO2 pipeline infrastructure serving the ethanol industry can be financed with private capital, absent additional policy incentives. In addition, investments in EOR operations are long term, generating cash flow over decades. However, it typically requires several years of CO2 injection before significant increases in oil production materialize, meaning that initial investors bear greater risk up front. In the current market environment, investing in oil production from shales offers greater returns with a shorter pay-off, thus diverting capital away from longer-term EOR and associated carbon capture and pipeline investments. The availability of federal incentives could change that by helping to bridge the current cost gap in the marketplace and mitigating investment risk, thereby incenting private capital to invest in capture, compression and dehydration equipment at ethanol plants and CO2 pipeline corridors to ethanol- producing regions. In addition to analysis prepared for the Work Group of carbon capture and pipeline transport deployment for EOR with geologic storage (see Technical Evaluation of the Ethanol Opportunity below), separate modeling of deployment for the purposes of saline storage illustrates that, as incentives for ethanol producers to store CO2 increase (due to tax credits or emissions reduction credits), the number of plants equipped with carbon capture grows, along with number of miles of pipeline built and geologic storage sites developed.14 This growth is facilitated by development of large- volume CO2 trunk pipelines, which allows more distant ethanol plants to economically transport CO2 to storage. This analysis underscores the critical role that financial incentives can play in leveraging private sector investment in carbon management infrastructure to serve the ethanol industry. Combining such incentives with federal and state policies to facilitate development and siting and permitting of long-distance, large-volume CO2 trunk pipelines with feeder lines aggregating multiple ethanol plants (as 14 D.L. Sanchez, N. Johnson, S. McCoy, P.A. Turner, K.J. Mach. “Near-term deployment of carbon capture and storage from biorefineries in the United States” Manuscript in preparation. Figure 4: Biogenic and Anthropogenic CO2 Sources CO2 Concentration in Waste Gas from Industrial Processes CO2 Volume (MMSCFD) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Typical CO2 Emission Rates from Industrial Plants CO2 Volume (MMSCFD) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Ethanol Hydrogen/ Ammonia Cement Coal Based Power Gas Based Power Ethanol Hydrogen/ Ammonia Cement Coal Based Power Gas Based Power Page 15 Prepared by the State CO2-EOR Deployment Work GroupPDF Image | Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol
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