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Processes 2020, 8, 353 2 of 10 ions travel to the cathode through the electrolyte membrane. At the cathode, both the electrons and hydrogen ions react with oxygen and produce water and heat [5]. Increasing demand for clean sources of energy and sustainable energy development has led to the exploration of alternative energy. One such activity was to develop a membrane-protected anode in a fuel cell [6]. This was conductedusingan anionic backbone of sulfonated polystyrene block–(ethylene–ran–butylene)–block polystyrene polymer on top of an anode which was used to increase the oxygen evolution. Another method developed to increase the enhancement of oxygen deposition was by selective oxidation using a cation-selective polymer material such as Nafion which improved the electrolysis and enhanced the oxygen evolution. The evolved oxygen can be used in a DMFC wherein electricity is generated [7,8]. In a direct methanol fuel cell, a solution of methanol is internally reformed. This is conducted with the help of a suitable catalyst, which is then oxidized at the anode and liberates electrons and protons. Currently, the Hilbert fractal curve is used to design a DMFC [9]. It is a continuous space-filling curve that can be applied to grids of power. These curves are used to study the current collectors of the direct methanol fuel cell. Currently, nanostructured catalysts lead to enhanced efficiency, robustness, and reliability in energy conversion and storage systems due to their unique physicochemical and electrochemical properties [10]. Carbon nanofiber webs have beenused as a porous methanol barrier to reduce the effect of methanol crossover in DMFCs. They have enhanced the cell performance at low methanol concentrations due to their balanced effect on reactant and product management, with an increase in peak power density compared to the conventional DMFC [11]. A mathematical model was developed and validated in realtime, to study the transient temperature distribution across a DMFC. The model was used to study temperature distribution across passive and active DMFCs as a function of process parameters and performance parameters [12]. Advanced control strategies based on methanol concentration were designed and implemented to increase the efficiency of a DMFC. This method is more efficient than performing several modifications to system layouts and operating strategies [13]. In addition to the control of an integrated fuel processing system, the fuel cell system in a DMFC provides efficient fuel cell operation and sustainable power source for various utilities [14]. In this study, a small DMFC with a 45 cm2sizedmembrane electrode assembly (MEA) was fabricated, and the effects of cell temperature on the DMFC performance were studied in simulation and in realtime. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Model-Based Simulation Design of fuel cells does not necessarily mean higher efficiency. Improvement of fuel cell efficiency is much dependent on the modelling and control operations [15,16]. A Laplace domain model of a DMFC was developed using six different first-order equations which represented the DMFC operation (Table 1, Table 2). These equations were obtained from the material balances, potential balance against the anode and the cathode, coverage of species on the catalyst surface, and cell current. Aqueous methanol in the feed channel was considered to be in direct contact with the catalytic layer. Using the mathematical modelling equations of a DMFC, the MATLAB program was written with the s-function technique.PDF Image | Cell Temperature in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operation
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