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Processes 2020, 8, 353 3 of 10 Table 1. Equation for the variation of CCH3OH and theanode/cathode overpotential. S.No. 1 2 3 Variation of CCH3OH and The Anode/Cathode Over Potential dCCH3OH =1CF dt −C −ASN −ASr1 CH3OH V CH3OH V τ CH3OH dηA = 1 (iCell − F(3r1 + 3r2)) dt Ca dηc =1−i −6Fr5+N dt Cc Cell CH3OH Table 2. Equation for coverage of adsorbed species at the anode. S.No. 1 2 3 Coverage of Adsorbed Species at Anode dPt3−COH= 1∗(r1−r3) dt γCt dθRu−OH = 1∗ (3r2−2r3−r4) dt γCt dPt3−COOH= 1∗(r3−r4) dt γCt This program is used to compute the DMFC output voltage based on the derived anode overpotential, cathode overpotential, and the cell current as given below: dM U=U0−ηA+ηC− MiCell (1) k The output voltage U has been influenced by three variables, namely, the flow rate of methanol, the concentration of methanol, and the cell temperature. Among these variables, it was necessary to investigate which variable had a larger influence on the output voltage [17]. The developed model was simulated using MATLAB software (Figure 1). The influence of the above three variables over the DMFC output voltage was recorded and analyzed. 2.2. Real-Time Experimentation In this research work, a single DMFC system was designed with a 45 cm2 active cross-sectional area (Figure 2). The cell was molded into a frame of a fiber-reinforced Teflon-coated jacket and was kept between two graphite blocks. Flow grooves for methanol and oxygen flow were provided in this system. The flow field comprised a series of 25 parallel channels with a 2 mm depth, a 1 mm wide rib and a 1 mm groove [18]. A provision for the tapping current and voltage measurement was provided. Electrical plate type heaters were placed behind each of the graphite blocks to heat the cell for achieving the desired operating temperature. Methanol solution was circulated with the peristaltic pump. Oxygen was supplied with 2 atm pressure. Catalysts of Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C were loaded at concentrations of 2 mg/cm2 at anode and cathode, respectively. Nafion 117, a polymer electrolyte membrane, was used in MEA preparations. It has a high protonic conductivity, zero electronic conductivity, excellent mechanical stability, and low resistance. This polymer electrolyte membrane also acts as a separator between the anode and the cathode. A graphite plate is commonly used as reactant distributor cum current collector [19,20]. The reactions involved in the DMFC operation were as follows: Anode reaction : CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 6H+ + 6e− Cathodereaction : 3/2O2 + 6H+ + 6e+ → 3H2O Overallreaction : CH3OH + 3/2O2 → CO2 + 2H2OPDF Image | Cell Temperature in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operation
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