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Processes 2020, 8, 353 4 of 10 Figure 1. Real-time experimental setup of the direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system. Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the direct methanol fuel cell system. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Model-Based Simulation A program written in MATLAB with the mathematical modelling equations of the DMFC was simulated as discussed in Section 2.1. In order to find out the most influencing variable of the DMFC, the analysis was carried out for cell temperature, methanol flow rate, and methanol concentration. During the simulation, the effect of different operating temperatures between 303 K and 343 K, different methanol flow rates in the ranges of 0.25 CCM to 2 CCM and different methanol concentrations in the ranges of 0.25 M to 2 M were recorded. The results obtained are plotted in Figures 3–5. It was also observed from Figures 3 and 4 that the DMFC output voltage increased the methanol flow rate by up to 1 CCM and increased the 1M methanol concentration, thereafter, (i.e., greater than 1CCM methanol flow rate and higher than 1M methanol concentration) DMFC output voltage did not vary significantly and remained constant due to the methanol crossover to cathode. It was also observed from Figure 5 that the output voltage of the DMFC increased linearly with an increase in temperaturePDF Image | Cell Temperature in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operation
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