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O2 = RWGS = SOFC = SOEC = TRL = Oxygen Reverse water gas shift Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Technology Readiness Level I. Introduction Removal of metabolic CO2 from breathing air is a fundamental requirement for life support in a manned spaceflight. As the duration of the flight and the distance from earth increase, the need for recovering oxygen from the waste CO2 become imperative. Closed-loop life support warrants recovery and recycling of consumables from metabolic byproducts through air, water, and solid waste treatment processes. Chemical reduction technologies for CO2 are critical for establishing closed-loop atmosphere (air) revitalization systems in space missions beyond low- earth orbit. NASA’s is also interested in CO2 reduction technologies for in situ fuel production on Mars. The major processes of a typical closed-loop air revitalization architecture for space cabin include CO2 removal, CO2 recovery, CO2 (chemical) reduction, and oxygen generation through water electrolysis. A low-power CO2 removal (LPCOR) system is being developed at NASA Ames Research Center[1] (ARC) to perform the CO2 removal and recovery functions. The primary objective of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the synergy between LPCOR and the CO2 and steam co- electrolysis process that was developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The model was developed based on the experimental data obtained using the co-electrolysis system developed at INL, sized to process 1 kg CO2 per day (one-person equivalent). Application of the co- electrolysis in NASA’s life support system has been analyzed as an independent technology and also in combination with other key CO2 reduction technologies. NASA has considered a number CO2 reduction options. Among them, the Sabatier and Bosch processes have gained considerable attention and development.[2] NASA’s current baseline air revitalization plan for the International Space Station (ISS), for example, is based on the Sabatier CO2 reduction technology. NASA has also investigated CO2 (only) electrolysis and the co-electrolysis processes to a limited extent in the past. Sabatier technology is the most advanced in terms of its technology readiness level (TRL). Equation (1) represents the Sabatier reaction. CO2 + 4H22H2O + CH4 (1) The stoichiometry suggests that all of the oxygen in CO2 can be recovered as water at a hydrogen to CO2 molar ratio of 4:1. In practice, however, the Sabatier development unit is operated using a 3.5:1 hydrogen to CO2 molar ratio that constitutes 14% excess CO2.[3] Water is separated from methane and is electrolyzed in the water electrolysis system, as shown in Figure 1, to produce O2 and H2. The methane has to be separated from the excess CO2 if it is to be stored or used as fuel. In addition, thermal or catalytic inefficiencies in the Sabatier reactor may result in even lower conversion and additional un-recovered O2. However, relatively low reaction temperature (400°C) [4]and non-toxic and easy to handle byproducts make this technology amenable to space cabin environment. Based on the stoichiometry, 50% of the hydrogen will be lost as methane unless utilized as a fuel or further treated in a carbon formation reactor to retrieve hydrogen. (Methane will be vented in the ISS air revitalization architecture). Hence, Sabatier-based process technology is less than ideal for long-term space exploration missions because of the loss of valuable resources such as hydrogen.[2] 2 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics air to cabin H2 byproducts (as fuel or waste) air & CO2 1 CO2 2 H2O 3 O2 to cabin Figure 1. Schematic of a typical closed-loop air revitalization system. (1) CO2 removal and recovery system, (2) CO2 chemical reduction system, (3) water electrolysis system.PDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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