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Bosch technology offers complete recovery of oxygen with no hydrogen loss according to the reaction shown in Equation (2). CO2 +2H2 →2H2O+C (2) In practice, however, carbon formation is a significant issue in a Bosch reactor. Multi-pass reactors are required to ensure complete conversions. Bosch reaction takes place over 600°C and frequent carbon removal and handling is required to avoid deposition of carbon on the catalyst. Assuming that the carbon handling is done in terms of catalyst cartridge replacement, increased consumable load could also be a potential issue with the Bosch reactor. The reactor needs to be cooled down and restarted for carbon removal. The technology is still at a low TRL level and further development is necessary to fit Bosch technology for long-duration life support applications. [5] CO2 electrolysis is a promising process, but offers only a partial oxygen recovery. 2CO2 → 2CO + O2 (3) CO is a valuable product, if collected and stored to be utilized as fuel or propellant. Several methods of electrolysis have been studied, including solid-oxide electrolysis. It is a high temperature process (around 800°C) and materials compatibility and scale up issues have been holding back the progress of this technology. However, recent advances in the electrochemical and fuel cell industry have provided solutions to many technical challenges that impeded the development of electrochemical CO2 reduction technologies. The CO2-H2O co-electrolysis process developed by INL [6] is an advanced electrochemical process that involves simultaneous electrolysis of CO2 and water vapor to produce CO and H2 (syngas). The technology is a combined process that involves steam electrolysis, CO2 electrolysis, and the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. The process takes place at around 800°C. The overall reaction is shown in Equation (4). CO2+H2O→H2 +CO+O2 (4) The co-electrolysis technology combines the CO2 reduction and oxygen generation processes into a single hardware efficiently to offer a significant mass reduction, in the air revitalization architecture. This technology has significant relevance for NASA to enable human space flight missions beyond low-earth orbit. In life support architecture, it will reduce the overall system mass by eliminating the need for a separate water electrolysis system. The co-electrolysis is an enabling technology in the in situ fuel production architecture, both for the human and robotic exploration of Mars. In general, employing common technologies for multiple applications improves the mission reliability and safety. This paper contains the preliminary results of a study to investigate the advantages of the co-electrolysis as a technology element that can be shared between life support and fuel production systems in future missions. Mathematical models of CO2 and water co-electrolysis as an independent and auxiliary technology (in combination with the Sabatier and Bosch technologies) to compliment NASA’s closed-loop air revitalization design are presented. II. Background The INL co-electrolysis process was developed primarily to produce synthetically driven hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 as an alternative energy solution. Traditionally, synthetic fuels are produced from syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The combined electrolysis of CO2 and steam produce oxygen and syngas as shown in Equation (4). The INL co-electrolysis process is based on the solid-oxide electrolysis (SOE) technology. SOE is a high-temperature electrolysis process and is significantly more power-efficient compared to conventional low temperature electrolysis processes). The process takes place at around 800°C. The technology is a combined process that involves steam electrolysis, CO2 electrolysis, and the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. As shown in Figure 2, Co-electrolysis has significant advantage over separate electrolysis of water and CO2 in terms of electrical efficiency. Compared to pure CO2 electrolysis, the co-electrolysis using a solid-oxide cell utilizes 3 American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsPDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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