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considerably less electrical energy (only as much as the water electrolysis alone) since the carbon monoxide production in co-electrolysis occurs mainly due to RWGS. A. Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell A solid oxide cell is a key component of the electrolysis system. It consists of an electrolyte and two electrodes as shown in Figure 3.[7] The electrolyte is a gas- tight ceramic membrane that can conduct ions and is sandwiched between two porous electrodes that can conduct electrons. In the solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC), oxygen molecules dissociate at the oxygen electrode (cathode) and combine with electrons coming from external electric power source to form oxygen ions. The oxygen ions conduct through the electrolyte and migrate towards the hydrogen electrode (anode). The fuel (hydrogen or natural gas) is fed to the anode and reacts with the oxygen ions to form water and CO2. The solid- oxide electrolysis cell operates in the reverse mode and the names and function of the electrodes are also reversed. The electrolysis and fuel cell modes of operation are represented in Figures 3 (a) and 3 (b), respectively. The most common materials currently used for the solid oxide cells are listed in Table 1.[8] The electrolyte is a dense gas-tight ceramic layer, usually made from yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with yttria content of 8 mol% to fully stabilize the electrolyte composition. The performance of the electrolyte depends on how well it can conduct oxide ions (O=). The cell’s ion conductivity decreases and hence the ohmic resistance increases with the thickness of the electrolyte. Figure 2. Electrical efficiency of co-electrolysis versus separate water and pure CO2 CATHODE H O + 2e- --> H + O - 222 ELECTROLYTE O - 2 O2---> 0.5 O - + 2e- 2 ANODE ANODE H + O - --> H O + 2e- 222 ELECTROLYTE O - 2 0.5 O - + 2e- --> O2- 2 CATHODE H2O H2 O2 POWER e- e- fuel air e- LOAD power e- (a) (b) The most common anode material for SOFC is a porous cermet (ceramic- metal), made from Ni and YSZ. Electronically conductive and gas-tight interconnect plates connect the individual cells to form a stack. The ionic conductivity of ceramics is highly dependent on the ceramic temperature. Thus, high Figure 3. (a) Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) for water electrolysis; (b) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating in reverse compared to an SOEC [Guan et al. 2006]. Table 1. Commonly used materials in SOFC/SOEC component Steam/hydrogen electrode Electrolyte Air/oxygen electrode Interconnect material Ni - Yx Zr1-x O2-x/2 (nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia) Yx Zr1-x O2-x/2 (yttria stabilized zirconia) SrxLa1-x MnO3-δ + Yx Zr1-x O2-x/2 (doped lanthanum manganite) Chromium based alloys/ceramics or stainless steel 4 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics acronym Ni-YSZ YSZ LSM-YSZ SSPDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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