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operating temperatures are required to obtain sufficient overall conductivity in the solid oxide cell. YSZ exhibits acceptable conductivity in the 700–1100oC temperature range. In the fuel cell mode, air is fed to the cathode and the hydrogen is fed to the anode. At the cathode, where electrons are supplied via external electrical power, oxygen molecules are reduced to oxygen ions. The oxygen ions are conducted through the electrolyte to the anode. At the anode, oxygen ions oxidize the gaseous fuel to form water and carbon dioxide, while producing electricity as a result of the transport of free electrons back to the cathode through the external circuit. So, the properties of the anode and cathode are to be chosen such that they facilitate reduction of oxygen and oxidation of gaseous fuel. The solid oxide electrolyte acts as the barrier between the electrodes to separates the reduction and oxidation reactions. In the electrolysis mode, electrical energy is supplied so that the fuel cell process is reversed causing to electrolyze the steam to oxygen and hydrogen. III. Process Model Development The approach to this study was to develop and compare theoretical models of the CO2 and steam co-electrolysis and other key CO2 reduction processes such as Sabatier and Bosch to compare their performance in terms of oxygen production and CO2 utilization. Integrated models of these key CO2 reduction and co-electrolysis processes were also developed to investigate options to improve the efficiency of the resource recovery process. Sabatier technology was chosen primarily because it is the baseline CO2 reduction technology for ISS. Even though the carbon handling issue is still a concern, Bosch technology remains attractive due to its potential to maximize oxygen recovery. Traditional operation of a Bosch system operates at 650°C to form water and solid carbon through the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen in a single reactor. The formation of water and carbon occurs through three reactions, including the Reverse Water-Gas Shift reaction, the Boudouard reaction, and carbon monoxide Hydrogenation, as shown in Equations (5) through (7). CO2 + H2H2O + CO (RWGS) (5) 2COCO2 + C (Boudouard) (6) CO + H2 H2O + C (Hydrogenation) (7) Bosch reactors, however, has practical issues related to catalyst fouling, high operating temperature, and large volume and mass requirements due to low single-pass conversions. Separation of the traditional single-reactor Bosch system into a series-reactor system may significantly reduce the temperature, volume, and mass requirements. Additionally, catalyst fouling may be minimized through distribution in a series-reactor system. For a series-reactor system, the first reactor would be used exclusively to produce carbon monoxide through the RWGS reaction. The second reactor would be devoted to carbon formation either through the Boudouard reaction, CO Hydrogenation, or 5 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Figure 4. Ceramatec solid oxide cell/stack construction; (scanning electron microscopy, Reference 1)PDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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