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1.2 V ehicular storage o f hydrogen 1.2.1 Advantage of high energy storage density 5 High energy storage density means lower mass and volume for the storage system. The low mass particularly, and to some extent the volume, is favourable in terms of vehicle fuel consumption. A comparison of liquid hydrogen storage with hydride storage by Carpetis[29], shows that the fuel consumption in a vehicle carrying hydrides is substantially increased due to the added weight of the hydrides. The calculations are based on the SAE J227a Schedule D driving cycle and a typical family car. For a design range of 200km the fuel consumption for the hydride fuelled vehicle (dual metal hydride, FeTi + MgNi) is 23.6% greater than a liquid hydrogen fuelled vehicle due to the added mass of hydrides alone. The main drawbacks of liquid hydrogen are considered to be the gaseous boil-off which occurs from all stored liquid hydrogen, and the added energy expended in liquefying hydrogen in the first place. 1.2.2 Boil-off from stored liquid hydrogen Liquid hydrogen, at typical storage pressures of around 4 bar, has a boiling point of ~-247°C. This creates a large temperature gradient between the stored liquid and its surroundings. As a result there is always some heat leakage into stored liquid hydrogen causing it to vaporize slowly, or boil off, resulting in a rise in pressure inside the storage vessel. To achieve the same density as liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen at ambient temperature requires a pressure of 150 MPa[30], ie. the pressure in a liquid hydrogen container will continue to rise to 150 MPa if the container and its contents are warmed to ambient temperature (provided the container doesn't rupture). Liquid hydrogen containers must therefore necessarily be vented. This venting is wasteful of fuel and potentially hazardous since the vented hydrogen may form a combustible mixture with au. 1.2.2.1 Hydrogen vented from a parked vehicle Since hydrogen gas is extremely buoyant and disperses rapidly it is difficult to say at what point vented boil-off forms a combustible mixture for what period of time. Safety systems devised and used on vehicles based on liquid hydrogen, use either a catalyst or automatic pilot flame to convert the vented hydrogen to water[31]. Edeskuty and Stewart[30] when discussing disposal of continuously vented hydrogen from liquid hydrogen storage suggest that low flows, up to 1-2g/s, can be vented directly to the atmosphere without flaring. This may not be suitable for small enclosed spaces such as home garages. Swain and Swain[32] have modelled gas cloud motion from a residential gas leak, of methane, propane and hydrogen. They have examined differentPDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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