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6 Chapter 1 Alkaline fuels cells and liquid hydrogen leak rates, in four different kitchen geometries. Each kitchen geometry included a simple vent (no fan) above the stove and no stove hood. By mapping the shape and volume of the combustible portion of the fuel cloud as a function of time they found that the dispersion rate of hydrogen was high enough to prevent a combustible mixture from forming in any of the kitchen geometries. Under the same conditions propane and methane leaks were far more dangerous. A 1W heat leak into an LH2 container corresponds to an amount of hydrogen being vented from which 318W (HeV) may be generated. Blanchard[33] suggests that boil-off losses·from vehicles may be minimised by plugging in a refrigerator on occasion of prolonged storage or even perhaps that people may plug their cars in to parking meters for electrical supply to reliquefiers. According to Appleby[34], magnetic refrigeration devices which would be suitable, require engineering breakthroughs. He suggests the use of a hydride container or cold carbon adsorber at the dewar (cryogenic container) outlet. 1.2.2.2 Lock up times Liquid hydrogen tanks ate super insulated to minimise heat transfer into the liquid and the rate at which it boils off. Ewald[35] and Rudiger[36] give the current minimum boil-off rate as 1.3% per day, corresponding to a total heat leak of 0.6W, for liquid hydrogen tanks built for automobiles. At present vehicular liquid hydrogen tanks have minimum initial lock up times of several days[37], at least exceeding 64 hours (5 pm Friday to 9 am Monday; Stewart[38] gives the lock up time for VLHD-B tank, with a 2W heat leak as 60 hours). Lock up times for a vehicle in use may be longer. This is because due to the movement of the vehicle the tank has been cooled and there is no stratification in the stored liquid, and hence the initial rate of pressure rise is much lower than after prolonged storage. 1.2.2.3 Pressure rise prediction During the initial evaluation of LH2, theoretical methods of predicting rates of pressure rise (self-pressurisation) in cryogenic tanks were examined. For this work the homogeneous model based on given values of heat leak was used to predict pressure rise, and find an optimum vent pressure. The results for pressure rise match those of Rotenburg[39]. The difference between specific enthalpy and internal energy is maximum for pressures between 2-4 bar. This difference being the flow work, implies that this is theoretically the best venting pressure in terms of cooling achieved due to venting. The equations used for pressure rise and total storage time calculations and a brief review of the other models for self-pressurisation is given in appendix D.PDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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