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10 Chapter 2 CO2 removal process evaluation gas can be scrubbed of CO2 in this manner. The water formed in the reaction must be allowed to drain or it may, in combination with small particles, result in blockage ofthe flow passages. Filters are necessary down stream to contain caustic dust. Soda lime has been used in preference to other expendable absorbers such as lithium hydroxide because it is cheaper and more readily available. The adsorptive capacity of soda lime increases with decreasing particle size because of increased surface area. Appleby and Foulkes[13-p267] quote a reference saying that one kg of soda lime can clean 1000m3 of air, taking the CO2 concentration from 300ppm to lOppm. 1000m3 of air is required to generate 13S to 2S0kWh of electricity under normal AFC operating conditions (20-30% oxygen utilisation). Elenco[SO], as part of standard peripheral equipment, provided a soda lime CO2 scrubber with their BCB-l AFC module rated at a soda lime consumption of 1 kg per 9.6kWh. Piperopoulou and Bloomfield[17] give a figure of 28 lb/h for a SkW power plant, which equates to 1 kg per O.4kWh. The Eureka Fuel Cell Bus[7] with an alkaline fuel cell of 78kW nominal power carried SOOkg of soda lime[Sl]. It has not been stated how frequently this had to be changed, but from their soda lime consumption figures, SOO kg would last about 60 hours at nominal load. It would seem from the above figures that the use of soda lime in automotive applications is not suitable for other than low power applications, or for prolonged use, because it requires large amounts to be carried or frequent replacement. It also requires an infrastructure for distribution, and disposal of the material, when spent. 2.1.2 Molecular sieve carbonlzeolites Adsorptive separation of CO2 from air, with solid sorbents, is usually achieved by the steric or molecular sieving effect. Since the effective diameter of water molecules «3A) is lower than that of CO2 molecules «4A) the water molecules are adsorbed preferentially in all such cases (Yang[S2-p4]). Separation due to the kinetic effect, that is the difference in rates of diffusion of the molecules through the pore structure, is done using molecular sieve carbon. The so called kinetic diameters for water and CO2 are similar (Yang[S2-p271]) and hence these are commonly removed together. Adsorption on solid sorbents is accompanied by release of adsorption energy. For the first molecular layer adsorbed, this energy is higher than for subsequent layers. For the subsequent layers the adsorption energy is the heat of vaporisation (Brunauer et al.[S3]). The net adsorption energy is then higher than the heat of vaporisation, although the adsorption will occur at pressures below the vapour pressure of the adsorbate. The adsorptive capacity of the sorbent, and outlet composition of the gas, depends on the relative concentration of the gas mixture components, temperature and pressure. Adsorption and regeneration is achieved by temperature .swing, pressure swing, purge gas, or any combination ofthe three. Most commonly several beds are cycled, the impurity saturatedPDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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