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24 Chapter 3 Heat exchanger design and construction 3.3 Switched dual heat exchangers The heat exchanger operating in the CO2 sublimation region is non-reversing. Instead, in this region two heat exchangers are operated alternately. While one is on- stream with solid CO2 being deposited, the other is off-stream being cleaned. They may be switched periodically using automatically operated valves. Use of switched dual heat exchangers for air purification for oxygen production has been described by Crawford[69] and for purification of hydrogen by Denton et al.[68]. The off-stream unit is cleaned by allowing it to warm up through a temperature range of 17K to 130K, the saturation temperature corresponding to the normal concentration of CO2 in air. This imposes some additional refrigeration load for re-cooling the off-stream unit before bringing it back on-line. 3.4 Matrix heat exchangers Matrix heat exchangers were developed to meet the need for very high effectiveness heat exchangers of very low volume. First described by McMahon et al.[70] in 1949, they are now the basis of many cryogenic processes. Detail theory, design method, and heat transfer and flow friction data for compact heat exchangers is presented by Kays and London[71]. An excellent review of matrix heat exchangers is presented by Venkatarathnam and Sarangi[72]. At low performance levels, heat exchanger effectiveness is governed by film heat transfer coefficients. For effectiveness >90% other factors such as; • axial conduction, • flow distribution, and • heat exchange with the surroundings become important. Kroeger[73] has presented a method for accounting for performance deterioration due to axial conduction. Kays and London[71] present curves for performance deterioration due to axial conduction for balanced flow, CmiiCmax= 1, and Cmin/Cmax=0.95, based on a performance study of periodic flow heat exchangers by Bahnke and Howard[74]. Predicting performance as a function of flow distribution is difficult because flow distribution varies so much. The effect of flow maldistribution for some simple cases has been studied by Fleming[75]. For cryogenic heat exchangers the large temperature difference between ambient and operating conditions is conducive to heat leak. Performance deterioration due to heat leak has been analyzed by Barron[76], and Chowdhury and Sarangi[77].PDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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