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Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 14 Processes 2021, 9, 528 6 of 14 displays the largest grain size of the other three membranes. Two phases are evenly dis- tributed in the membranes and form the percolated paths, which play an important part migration of the electron and oxygen ions during the process of oxygen permeation. The in the migration of the electron and oxygen ions during the process of oxygen permeation. percolation network between OIC and IC phase ensures that electron and oxygen ions The percolation network between OIC and IC phase ensures that electron and oxygen ions can smoothly diffuse from one side to another side of the membrane driven by chemical can smoothly diffuse from one side to another side of the membrane driven by chemical potential difference, so as to realize the high oxygen permeability. Therefore, we have potential difference, so as to realize the high oxygen permeability. Therefore, we have reason to expect that CPM-PSFA OTMs will show considerable flux in the following oxygen reason to expect that CPM-PSFA OTMs will show considerable flux in the following oxy- permeation test. gen permeation test. Figure 2. Surface topographies of (a) CPFe-PSFA, (b) CPCo-PSFA, (c) CPNi-PSFA, and (d) CPCu- Figure 2. Surface topographies of (a) CPFe-PSFA, (b) CPCo-PSFA, (c) CPNi-PSFA, and (d) CPCu- PSFA. Left column is SEM and right column is backscattered scanning electron microscope PSFA. Left column is SEM and right column is backscattered scanning electron microscope (BSEM) (BSEM) pictures for the sintered membranes. In BSEM, the perovskite phase (PSFA) grains are in pictures for the sintered membranes. In BSEM, the perovskite phase (PSFA) grains are in dark color; dark color; the CPM grains are in light color. the CPM grains are in light color. Figure 3 depicts the EDXS pictures and element mappings for our four CPM-PSFA Figure 3 depicts the EDXS pictures and element mappings for our four CPM-PSFA composite membranes after sintering at 1275 °C◦ for 5 h. We can see that two phases form composite membranes after sintering at 1275 C for 5 h. We can see that two phases a well-interpenetrated network, which provides the percolation paths for the oxygen per- form a well-interpenetrated network, which provides the percolation paths for the oxygen meation. Correspondingly, the Cu-doping membrane CPCu-PSFA shows the biggest permeation. Correspondingly, the Cu-doping membrane CPCu-PSFA shows the biggest grain size among these four membranes, which may play a positive role in the oxygen grain size among these four membranes, which may play a positive role in the oxygen flux. This self-adjusting of composites between two phases may be attributed to the diverse chemical potential of elements in PSFA and CPM phases.PDF Image | CO2-Tolerant Oxygen Permeation Membranes
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