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Energies 2020, 13, 6101 5 of 14 2.4. Characterization of Material Structure and GA/ATS Solutions Measurement of contact angle of PTFE substrates with and without hydrophilic material coating was carried out using a contact angle meter (Attension® Theta Lite, Bioline Scientific, Sweden) as soon as a droplet of the Nafion dispersion falls on substrates. Microcosmic morphology of the substrates and the composite membranes were obtained using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) system (ZEISS Sigma 500, Germany). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) characterization of samples was obtained by a JASCO FT-IR 4700 spectrometer (USA) with an ATR accessory containing a Ge crystal with a wavenumber resolution of 4 cm−1 and range of 600-4000 cm−1. The microscopic state of GA/ATS solutions was detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (ELSZ-1000, Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd., Japan). 2.5. Characterization of Porous PTFE-Reinforced Composite Membranes Water uptake of composite membranes was measured by immersing the membranes into distilled water at room temperature for 12 h after the dry membranes (Wdry) were weighed. Afterward, the membranes were taken out, surface water was wiped out, and the wet weight (Wwet) was then measured. Finally, the water uptake of composite membranes was calculated by using the following equation [37]: Water uptake(%) = Wwet − Wdry × 100. (1) Wdry The swelling ratio is calculated by the following equation: Swelling ratio(%) = Lwet − Ldry × 100 (2) Ldry where Ldry and Lwet are the dimension (length, width, and thickness) of composite membranes. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) of composite membranes is firstly soaked in 1.0 M H2SO4 for 24 h to replace functional groups with a proton. The excess acid solution on the surface of the membrane was thoroughly washed off with distilled water, and the membranes were immersed in 1.0 M NaCl (precisely 20 mL) for 24 h. The amount of proton ion-exchanged with Na+ was measured by a titration method with 0.01 N NaOH by an auto-titrator (848 Titrino plus, Metrohm, Switzerland). The IEC was calculated by the following equation: IEC = n × M × V (3) m where n is the number of electrons gain or lost, M is the molar concentration of the titration solution (mmol/mL), V is the consumed volume of the titration solution (mL) and m is the weight of the dry membrane [38]. The transport number of composite membranes was measured by using the electromotive force (emf ) method which is a method of estimating the transport number of conducting species in ionic and mixed conductors in a two-compartment cell with a composite membrane as a diaphragm in two separate solutions having different concentrations. First of all, composite membranes with a size of 2 × 2 cm2 were immersed in 0.001 M NaCl for 24 h, were taken out, and were installed between two compartment cells which were filled with 0.001 and 0.005 M NaCl on both sides of the cells. Air bubbles on the membrane surfaces were completely removed. Finally, two Luggin capillaries with Ag/AgCl wires filled in a saturated KCl solution were mounted to the nearest locations to the installed membrane. Two wires exposed out of each Luggin capillary reference electrode were then connected toPDF Image | Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous Substrates
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