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DFT computations were performed on the IBM BlueGene/Q supercomputer with support from the Niagara supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium and the Southern Ontario Smart Computing Innovation Platform (SOSCIP). SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Government of Ontario’s Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence, and the University of Toronto. SOSCIP is funded by the Federal Economic Development Agency of Southern Ontario, the Province of Ontario, IBM Canada, Ontario Centres of Excellence, Mitacs and 15 Ontario academic member institutions. This research used synchrotron resources of the Advanced Photon Source, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the US Department of Energy Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory and was supported by the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357 and the Canadian Light Source and its funding partners. F.L. thanks H.T.L. for ICP–MS measurement. J.L. acknowledges the Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships programme. C.G. acknowledges the NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowships programme. D.S. acknowledges the NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship. Author contributions E.H.S. supervised the project. F.L. conceived the idea and carried out the experiments. F.L. and E.H.S. wrote the paper. Y.C.L. and Z.W. carried out the DFT calculations. D.H.N. and Y. Lum performed the XAS measurements. D.H.N., J.L. and S-F.H. helped to analyse the XAS data. Y. Li and A.O. carried out part of electrochemical experiments. M.L. and X.W. provided help in NMR analysis. B.C., Y.H.W., J.W., Y.X., C.-T.D., Y.W. and T.-T.Z. helped to characterize the materials. Y.C.L. and C.M.G. helped in the Raman measurements. D.S. assisted in data analysis and manuscript writing. All authors discussed the results and assisted during manuscript preparation. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41929-019-0383-7. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to E.H.S. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2019 82 NATurE CATALYSiS | VOL 3 | JanUarY 2020 | 75–82 | www.nature.com/natcatalPDF Image | Cooperative CO2-to-ethanol conversion via enriched intermediates
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