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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction The development of fuel cells started around 19th century with the wish to convert the chemical energy of fossil fuels directly into electricity. After about hundred years of research, many types of fuel cells have been devel- oped [1]. This chapter explains the historic trends of fuel cell research and also gives a short overview on different types of fuel cells. The main focus of this thesis is the direct methanol fuel cell. Therefore, an overview on the working principle and materials employed for DMFC are described. At the end of the chapter scope and structure of this thesis are presented. 1. The historic trends Experiments with fuel cells started around 1839 when researchers tried to oxidize coal and coal gas electrochemically in ‘piles’. During the period from 1920 till the Second World War more research was done and some practical fuel cells were built. But due to material problems causing short operating life times, fuel cells were not economically feasible [1]. In the 1960s re- searchers regained interest in fuel cells, resulting in an alkaline fuel cell system with porous metal electrodes which was used in the spacecraft which enabled men to fly to the moon in 1968. Besides, electrical automo- biles propelled by fuel cells started to be developed. The first hybrid vehicle for four passengers with a hydrogen fuel cell was built in 1970 [1]. In the mid-1970s, fuel cells were developed which were used for power generation in large scale power plants (up to 10 MW). The strive for fuel cells with higher efficiencies resulted in the development of the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) in the 1980s and the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in the 1990s. A new development started in the 1990s when membranes came into the pic- ture for the use in fuel cells. This resulted in high power densities and in- creasing life expectations for fuel cells. 2. General aspects of fuel cells The definition of a fuel cell is: “An electrochemical cell which can continu- ously convert the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical 1PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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