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Chapter 1 Introduction energy by a process involving an essentially invariant electrode-electrolyte system” [1]. The basic principles of an electrochemical battery can be com- pared with the principles of a fuel cell. The only difference is that in a fuel cell, the chemical energy is stored outside the cell, while in batteries the fuel is stored inside the cell. Electrical power generation by conventional methods is less efficient, for example extra conversion steps are needed to convert chemical energy via heat energy and kinetic energy into electrical energy. Fuel cells can obtain efficiencies up to 60% of the containing energy by converting chemical en- ergy into power and heat [1]. 3. Types of fuel cells Fuel cell systems can be classified in different ways: working temperature, the pressure of operation, kind of fuel and/or oxidant used or type of elec- trolyte. In this chapter the fuel cells will be distinguished by the latter and a short description will be given. Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) The Alkaline Fuel Cell uses H2 as fuel and O2 as oxidant. 35-45% KOH is used as an electrolyte. Charge carrier is the OH- ions. A big disadvantage is that CO2 can permeate through the electrolyte, so only pure H2 and O2 can be used [1]. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) This type of fuel cell operates at very high temperatures of about 600 – 700 0C. At these temperatures the alkali carbonates, which are used as electro- lyte, form a highly conductive molten salt in which carbonate ions provide ionic conduction. Noble metals are not required, because Ni (anode) and nickel oxide (cathode) can be used as catalysts [2]. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) A SOFC operates at 650 – 1000 0C where ionic conduction by oxygen ions takes place. The electrolyte used is a solid, nonporous metal oxide, usually Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 [2]. 2PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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