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Chapter 1 Introduction Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) The main topic in this thesis is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM). This is the electrolyte used in a PEMFC. In most PEMFCs, H2 is used as fuel. A product of this fuel cell is water. The main challenge is to control the evaporation of water. Because the membrane must be hydrated, the amount of water which is produced must be higher than the amount of wa- ter which is evaporated. Therefore, the operating temperature is usually less than 100 0C. A DMFC is a type of PEMFC. The characteristics of a DMFC will be explained in the next chapter. 4. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) produces electric power by direct con- version of liquid methanol and is therefore been called “the electrochemist’s dream” and “the ideal fuel cell system” [3]. A DMFC combines the properties of direct hydrogen/air fuel cells with the advantages of a liquid fuel. Be- cause it is a liquid, it can be transported and stored easily. Methanol needs no cryogenic container maintained at a temperature of -253 °C. Methanol is cheap, plentiful and easy to manufacture. Moreover, it has a higher energy density than hydrogen [2]. 4.1. Working principle A DMFC consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode), two compartments where the oxidation and reduction take place and a proton exchange mem- brane (PEM) as shown in Figure 1. The fuel is fed to the anode compartment and oxidized in a half reaction that produces protons, electrons and CO2. The formed protons are transported through the PEM and the electrons run through electrical wires outside the cell to complete the circuit. The energy in the current that flows through the wires can be used to generate power. At the cathode compartment the oxidant, O2 or air, reacts with the protons and electrons to form water [1, 2]. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the heart of the fuel cell. The MEA consists of five parts. The diffusion layer is the first layer, an electri- cally conductive layer with an open structure. This layer, which is in con- tact with the fuel, improves the diffusion of the fuel to, and the decomposi- tion products from the anode. Another function of this diffusion layer is to 3PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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