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Chapter 1 Introduction The interface between the membrane and electrode is critical, because the transport processes required for an operational fuel cell have to be balanced correctly. The three transport processes are: 1. transport of protons from the membrane to the catalyst; 2. transport of electrons from the current collector to the catalyst through the gas diffusion layer; 3. transport of the reactant and product gases to and from the catalyst layer and the gas channels. In order to reduce transport losses, the three-phase contact of protons, elec- trons and gases has to be optimized. Therefore, the amount of volume in the catalyst layer between the transport media for each of the three phases needs to be correctly distributed. Above that, an intimate contact of all three phases at the catalyst particles is needed for effective operation of a PEM fuel cell [1, 2]. The most used electrode design consists of a thin-film electrolyte (e.g. Nafion®) and a diffusion layer made of woven or non-woven carbon cloths. The next chapters will give some more information on the components of a PEM fuel cell MEA. 4.3.1. Catalyst layer As well as in the anode as in the cathode the catalyst layer is the location of the half-cell reaction and is therefore also referred to as the active layer. This layer is either applied to the membrane or to the gas diffusion layer. It is important, for effective operation of a fuel cell, that the catalyst particles (Pt or Pt alloys, shown as black ellipses in Figure 3) are placed within close proximity of the membrane. Catalyst loadings between 1 – 5 mg/cm2 are normally used in DMFC operation [6]. The catalysts accelerate the reactions by lowering the energy barrier be- tween the reactants and products. As a result, the fuel cell can be operated at lower temperatures. A combination of platinum and ruthenium is nor- mally used at the anode side. At the cathode side, only platinum is used as catalyst. Because platinum is a very expensive material, high platinum loadings cause a major barrier to the commercialization of DMFCs. Therefore, much research is done to increase the utilization of the platinum that is depos- 7PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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