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Chapter 1 Introduction ited. The utilization can be increased by optimizing reactant diffusivity, ionic and electrical conductivity, and the level of hydrophobicity of the cata- lyst layer [5]. These properties have to be carefully balanced. Another factor which can be improved is the catalyst life time by decreasing the rate of poi- soning of the catalyst. 4.3.2. Gas diffusion layer The function of the gas diffusion layer is to ensure that reactants effectively diffuse to the catalyst layer. The GDL is the electrical conductor that trans- ports electrons to and from the catalyst layer. Another function of the GDL is to facilitate the transport of methanol and the reaction products at the anode side. At the cathode side, the GDL has to facilitate the transport of water and oxygen. Most used materials for GDLs are porous carbon paper or carbon cloth, with a thickness in the range of 100 – 300 μm [5]. These materials are usu- ally coated with Teflon® to increase the hydrophobicity. This way, the GDL can partially control the hydration of the membrane by transporting water to the membrane. If water is not transported fast enough from cathode then that compartment can be flooded which causes a barrier for the oxygen to reach the cathode [7]. 4.3.3. Polymer electrolyte membrane Nafion® is an example of a homogenous perfluorinated ionomer membrane. The main advantages of perfluorinated membranes are the outstanding chemical stability and the high ionic conductivity. Disadvantages are the high price (US$600-1200/m2, [8]) and high methanol and water permeabili- ties. Nevertheless, Nafion® is the most widely used membrane in DMFCs (mainly as a reference material). Since its introduction in the 1960s by Du- Pont, it is the standard material for PEMFC technology. Its chemical struc- ture is shown in Figure 4. Its molecular weight has been estimated at 105- 106 Da [9], but usually the equivalent weight (EW) and material thickness are used to describe it. The EW is defined as the weight of Nafion per mole of sulfonic acid group. The most used membrane in DMFC applications is Nafion® 117 which represents 1100 EW and 0.007 inch (178 μm) in thick- ness. Membranes can also be described in terms of their ion exchange ca- pacity (IEC) which is inversely proportional to the equivalent weight. 8PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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