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Chapter 3 Impregnated membranes for DMFCs at high methanol concentrations microstructure of N117 (and generally of perfluorosulfonic polymers) consists of extremely hydrophobic backbone and extremely hydrophilic sulfonic groups. In the presence of water, the hydrophilic sulfonic groups aggregate to form ion clusters, which form the water channels with good connectivity. Compared with Nafion, the backbone of SPPEK is less hydrophobic and the sulfonic groups are less acidic. This results in larger hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface corresponding to highly disperse sulfonic groups and less nano-separation. Thus, the water filled channels in SPPEK are probably more branched with more dead-end pockets compared with those of Nafion. This results in low methanol and water transport and lower proton conductivity (as we see later). In addition to that, the methanol permeability of SPPEK-PE composite membranes is factor of 2 to 3 lower than pure SPPEK membranes showing once more that the impregnation to the support is an effective method to lower methanol permeability. The same phenomenon has been reported by Yamaguchi et al. with other filling electrolytes into various supports [12, 22]. 25 300 20 15 10 5 250 200 150 100 (a) S PP E K 1. 6 SPPEK1.4 SPPEK1.6-PE SPPEK1.4-PE 50 00 0 2 4 6 8 10 Methanol concentration [M] 0 2 4 6 8 10 Methanol concentration [M] Figure 5. Methanol permeabilities of (a) SPPEK, (b) N117 and N-PE membranes as a function of methanol concentration (Data from N117 and N-PE are replotted from [13] ). 3.4. Proton conductivity The proton conductivity or our membranes are generally low and in the range of 0.1x10-2 S/cm for the SPPEK1.4-PE and SPPEK1.6-PE and 0.3x10-2 S/cm for the SPPEK1.4 and SPPEK1.6 membranes. In general, the values of SPPEK membranes are in the lower range with values reported in literature (0.2 to 5.0x10-2 S/cm) [1, 17, 18, 20, 23]. Although one should be careful 45 (b) N117 N-PE Methanol permability (*10-8) [cm2/s] Methanol permeability (x10 -8) [cm2/s]PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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