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which is a green house gas. This is also true for hydrogen which produces CO2 indirectly during reforming step in the water-gas shift reaction. Methanol and other alcohols also produce some other byproducts like aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids but in very low concentrations. If produced from biomass, the CO2 formed during cell operation would nevertheless be balanced by CO2 consumed in photosynthesis. Consequently, this form of energy would contribute no more to green house effect and will be renewable. Further, the higher efficiency of fuel cells makes that less CO2 / kW is produced as compared to conventional processes. c. Potentialapplications There are essentially three main types of applications for fuel cells. Fuel cells are well known for being an alternative to the internal combustion engines but are also considered for portable and stationary applications. Stationary applications: Fuel cells are able to produce electricity directly from fuel with a good efficiency. For stationary applications, they would replace the combustion-based electric-generating methods where energy losses occur in the thermal engine as well as in the electric generator. They can be applied to residential, commercial and industrial sectors for electricity as well as for heat production [2]. As DMFC do not need any reforming of methanol, there are no losses in the reformer. Besides the medium/low operating temperature make them suitable for residential-grade water heating. Transportation: Although modern cars emit a lower amount of toxic gases than their predecessors, transportation is still a great source of pollution. Replacing a significant fraction by fuel cells would have a substantial effect on the environment. Methanol fuel cells have been carefully investigated for transportation applications. The main advantage is that storage and tank refilling is easy for liquid methanol [3]. Besides, they do not need any reformer or humidification system that would consume a lot of the - 15 -PDF Image | Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Performance
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