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Molecules 2021, 26, 2144 29 of 37 The best results so far have been observed for nanoscale materials because of their low resistivity and well-developed surfaces related to a high surface-to-volume ratio, which leads to high electrochemically active surfaces. This feature is crucial for developing smaller, more portable devices that will have greater chances for commercialization. The most important conclusions for each of described alcohols are shown below: 1. Methanol is considered the most likely fuel for industrial-scale fuel cells because it is the smallest alcohol, and its oxidation leads to carbon dioxide and water; a. It can be oxidized in both acidic and alkaline environments on platinum-based electrodes, mainly with the addition of ruthenium; b. The main problem with this kind of electrode material is that it can easily be poisoned with intermediate products and low reaction kinetics. If we also consider platinum shortages and their consequent high prices, it becomes clear that other electrocatalytic materials must be developed; c. Nickel- and cobalt-based materials have the greatest chance of replacing platinum-based electrodes because of their low price, high activity and immu- nity to poisoning with carbon oxide intermediates; d. Problems exist during methanol electrooxidation in addition to those associated with the electrode materials. Because of this particle’s small size, methanol can crossover the membrane, separating the anodic and cathodic parts of the fuel cell, which results in lower efficiency of the whole system. 2. Ethanol, which has only one more carbon atom than methanol, is an obvious candidate for this role; a. Ethanol can also be oxidized in both acidic and alkaline environments, mainly on platinum catalysts, but these catalysts are doped with tin; b. The oxidation of ethanol is more complicated than that of methanol because it requires the breaking of strong, inter-carbon bonds—the same feature that gives ethanol its stability and makes it an interesting fuel is the main cause of problems during its oxidation. Additionally, in this case, catalyst poisoning can deactivate the electrodes; c. Other materials have been developed—palladium-based electrodes doped with oxophilic elements, such as copper, silver or nickel, have yielded very interesting results; 3. Because C–C bonds are so hard to break for larger alcohol molecules—such as ethylene glycol (the smallest diol) and isopropanol (the smallest secondary alcohols)—different approaches have been taken. The main goal is not their full oxidation to carbon dioxide but to valuable intermediates; a. The products of ethylene glycol oxidation, such as glycolates and formates, can be marketed as substrates for other processes; b. Isopropanol oxidation, which leads to the formation of acetone, can be coupled with its hydrogenation and thus can play the role of a liquid hydrogen carrier; c. For both alcohols mentioned in point 3, electricity production can take place without carbon dioxide emissions, and thus, it can be more environmentally friendly than previously described systems. Such reactions require selective catalysts that guarantee that only the desired products are obtained; d. For both, this effect is observed for palladium-based electrodes doped with oxophilic elements, such as gold, copper or nickel. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.W. and W.S.; data curation, M.W.; writing—original draft preparation, M.W.; writing—review and editing, M.W. and W.S.; funding acquisition, M.W.; supervision, W.S.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the Silesia University of Technology, grant number (BKM- 546/RCH-1/2020). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.PDF Image | Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
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