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Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 16 Chapter 2 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers This chapter gives an overview of the many energy carriers that could be used in the transportation sector as an alternative to gasoline, diesel and other petroleum-derived hydrocarbon fuels. These include other hydrocarbons like coal-to-liquids and biofuels, other chemical energy carriers like hydrogen and ammonia, and storage of electricity on-board vehicles in batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheels. Any energy carrier can carry energy from any energy source. The sustainability and practicality of the many possible energy-source-to- carrier pathways are examined, emphasizing looking at many aspects of the energy systems to assess sustainability and practicality. Such thorough examination using a multitude of metrics seems to be necessary and should lead to more useful assessments than studies that focus on providing a single value ―score‖ for a given energy technology or conversion pathway. Liquid hydrocarbons are the most practical transportation fuels, due to their high energy density, ease of handling and compatibility with existing infrastructure. Electric propulsion is the most sustainable, because it has the highest life-cycle energy efficiency and eliminates emissions from the vehicle. In the near term, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles may be able to inherit the best qualities of each, significantly reducing liquid fuel demand with minimal battery size and enabling a gradual transition to a transportation infrastructure largely powered by electricity. As electricity production becomes cleaner this can have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable resources may be ideally suited for providing transportation energy, where their intermittency does not cause added expenses as it does in the electric grid. The continued need for hydrocarbons calls for developing means to produce them sustainably. Biomass is not likely a sustainable energy source at the scale needed, with the possible exception of algae. Sustainable use of hydrocarbons on board of a vehicle depends on technologies that capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and either sequester it, or recycle it into a fuel using renewable or nuclear energy. Recycling CO2 into hydrocarbons using renewable or nuclear energy, in a non-biological process, appears to be the long term sustainable solution. This method of producing hydrocarbon fuels is further examined in Chapter 3.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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