PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 038
Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 17 2.1. Introduction Transportation fuels are energy carriers that can be stored on board vehicles for propulsion and other energy needs. Liquid hydrocarbons stand out because of their high energy density and ease of handling. As a result much of the transportation sector operates on gasoline, diesel or kerosene. The specific choice of fuels has in part been determined by the chemical composition of natural petroleum, from which these fuels are derived through a simple distillation process. A transition from petroleum-derived fuels to other energy carriers is desirable and may prove necessary for a number of reasons: petroleum resources may prove too limited to sustain a growing world economy; the uneven geographic distribution of petroleum reserves already leads to economic and political tensions; and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from petroleum consumption must be eliminated. Even though the distillation of petroleum may provide the most direct route to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, there are many other ways of producing them. Technologies exist to convert coal, natural gas or biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. It is also possible to use non-fossil energy to dissociate carbon dioxide and water, and then use the resulting energy-rich gas mixtures as the starting point for fuel synthesis. Hydrocarbon liquids are not the only means of carrying energy on board a vehicle. Other options include gaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen, chemical hydrides, and electricity based storage systems (batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels, and compressed air). Some of these energy carriers or the means by which they store energy may also be of interest for non-portable energy storage applications like large-scale storage of solar electricity to even out the intermittent supply. Any energy carrier can carry energy from any energy source. Energy sources include fossil carbon, renewable energy sources including biomass, and nuclear energy. The current dependence on fossil carbon cannot last indefinitely as the supply is clearly finite. However, vast coal resources could last for hundreds of years. Combined with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), fossil fuels could satisfy the world’s energy demand for centuries without contributing to the greenhouse effect [1]. Similarly, the resource base for nuclear energy could last for many centuries. Solar energy, among the renewable forms of energy, is virtually inexhaustible. An overview of the major energy carriers and the major energy resources is presented here with analysis and discussion about their relative sustainability and practicality for large scale use. The scale is set by world demand. The world consumes around 85 million barrels of oil per day, of which roughly two-thirds are used in the transportation sector [2, 3].PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)