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Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 18 2.2. Sustainability and Practicality Relevant metrics of sustainability and practicality are listed in Table 2-1. High sustainability calls for efficient use of land and resources, low impacts on the environment (the climate, the air, water and human health), and planning ahead for future energy resources so as to avoid lock-in into an unsustainable system. High practicality calls for affordable vehicles that do not make consumers sacrifice convenience and performance relative to today’s vehicles, while also considering the inertia that is inherent in creating new large infrastructures. Table 2-1. Metrics used to analyze the energy carriers Sustainability Energy yield per land area Environmental and human health impacts Net energy balance Life cycle CO2 emissions Water consumption Practicality Energy density Infrastructure change Vehicle change Economics Several stages in the life cycle of an energy carrier must be considered. First there is the conversion of an energy resource into the carrier, then there is the transport and distribution of the energy carrier, followed by the storage of the energy carrier on board of the vehicle, and finally the stored energy is used for vehicle propulsion. It is usually possible to apply the metrics of sustainability and practicality listed in Table 2-1 separately to each stage in the life cycle. Since these stages are well defined it is possible to analyze them separately. A complete well-to- wheel (WTW) analysis, or a well-to-tank (WTT) analyis can be performed by combining the appropriate stages. One can simplify the analysis, because different energy sources can be used to create the same energy carrier; different energy carriers can result in very similar energy utilization. Some measures are only associated with certain stages, or at least dominated by certain stages. For example, the energy yield per land area is associated with the energy sources, while the energy density of the energy carrier is most relevant for the on-board storage stage of the life cycle. Environmental and human health impacts are a qualitative parameter. The net energy balance ratio, RNEB, is the ratio of the useful energy obtained versus the energy expended to collect and utilize that energy. RNEB has often been used in life-cycle analyses [4-6]. The emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are accounted for as CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions [7]. Life-cycle estimates inevitably have large variability, depending on the boundary conditions of the analysis, the sources of the data, and other factors. In this study we attempt to determine reasonable estimates by drawing from life cycle analysis literature, and discuss thePDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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