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Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 21 In terms of sustainability, the low land area requirements of fossil resources are rivaled only by nuclear energy. However, how that land is used is a concern. A large scale switch to coal-derived transportation fuels, for example, would accelerate the depletion of coal resources and increase coal mining. Air pollution is another environmental concern, and whether coal is used for electricity generation or in chemical conversions to produce liquid hydrocarbon or hydrogen fuels, it will most likely increase water use, and significantly [11]. In general, large scale implementation of fossil-derived alternatives to oil may exacerbate land, air, and water pollution. These issues are not roadblocks to sustainability but do need to be carefully managed. Ultimately, sustainable use of fossil resources depends on CCS technologies. Electricity and hydrogen produced from fossil resources can be rendered carbon neutral by capturing CO2 emissions at the production plant and storing it safely and permanently. In this case, the energy carriers contain no carbon. If hydrocarbon fuels are desired, however, producing them from coal or natural gas would increase the total CO2 emissions associated with each mile travelled relative to the carbon-free energy carriers and relative to today’s petroleum emissions, by emitting GHGs both at the production plant and at the vehicle [12]. Then, CO2 must be captured from the atmosphere as well in order to handle the vehicle emissions. Capture could be accomplished by growing biomass [13] or with an industrial air capture process [1, 13-17]. However, as we discuss in the next section, large-scale use of biomass in the energy sector may not be sustainable. Depending on how it is implemented, CCS may have significant environmental impacts [18]. For example, sites for geologic injection of CO2 need be carefully selected and monitored, and large-scale mineral carbonation would involve large mining operations. The fossil fuel land footprint, of which mining already makes up the majority, would increase with CCS—though not likely to a constraining level. New fossil energy power plants and synthetic fuel plants can supply the needed scale for transportation energy, but to be sustainable an enormous effort must be undertaken to develop these CCS technologies and to carefully sequester carbon emissions. 2.3.2. Biomass Biomass is a well-known energy source that sustains human and animal life. Therefore it is clearly sustainable at a reasonable scale. With rising oil prices, its use as a feedstock to produce biofuels is growing rapidly and many of these fuels are heavily subsidized [19-21]. Today’s biofuels market is dominated by bioethanol, produced from corn and sugarcane feedstocks, and biodiesel, produced from rapeseed and other oils. In development are so-called advanced biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol and thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquids via gasification and pyrolysis. Advanced biofuels aim to utilize more parts of the plant as well as a wide range of herbaceous, woody, and waste feedstocks. Biomass can be treatedPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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