PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 045
Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 24 marginal lands instead would not displace a carbon sink, and it could be possible to enrich soil carbon, resulting in a net sequestration of carbon [34]. The horizontal axis in Figure 2-2 illustrates the tradeoff between displacing food and displacing carbon sinks. Marginal lands are the environmentally sustainable midpoint. Economics will favor planting energy crops on land where biomass already thrives, displacing either a carbon sink or displacing agriculture. These tradeoffs suggest that large-scale, land-based production of biomass for energy is a no-win situation because economics and sustainability are at odds. The sustainable way to grow biomass for energy is on low-yielding, marginal land and to avoid improving yields with fertilizers and other traditional agricultural methods, which can only be achieved with strict policies. Following this path would result in cultivation of low-yielding biomass on only a small fraction of the earth’s land area, exacerbating the land area constraint and therefore further limiting the scale of biomass as an energy source. Furthermore, there is a reason biomass is not already thriving on the land. Yields will necessarily be low, and the energy inputs and corresponding costs needed to achieve practical yields on such infertile land may be prohibitively high. New advanced technologies do not overcome these drawbacks that are associated with constrained biomass availability [45]. Even if hybrid electric propulsion in vehicles reduces overall liquid fuel demand by a factor of two, the large-scale sustainability issues do not go away. It is important to carefully study the consequences and limit the growth of land-based bioenergy. Aquatic biomass (e.g. algae), which does not share all of the drawbacks of land-based biomass, should be further studied as an energy source. However, algae might not resolve the sustainability issues, and may in fact have higher environmental impacts in terms of energy use, GHG emissions, and water use [46]. Also, whereas the cost of biodiesel from palm oil is roughly competitive with recent petrodiesel prices, the cost of biodiesel from algae needs to come down by an order of magnitude [28]. 2.3.3. Renewable and Nuclear Renewable energy sources include solar (photovoltaic and concentrating thermal), wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric systems. These sources are typically associated with sustainability, though no energy conversion system comes without environmental impacts. Energy yield per land area is typically lower than fossil and nuclear energy, but high enough that land area is not a constraint to scaling up as it is with land-based biomass. However, geothermal and hydroelectric resources have a resource availability limitation. This does not mean that they should not be developed—only that they are unable to provide a large fraction of energy, transportation or otherwise. The sources that can sufficiently scale up need to be studied to understand potential full-scale impacts. A recent analysis has concluded that solar and wind power use the least amount of water for electricity generation, in comparison with fossil and nuclear power [47]. Wind turbines, for example, begin to have local and global climate effects upon approaching a certain scale [10]. Solar energy appears to be able to meet the full scale—aPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)