PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 046
Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 25 typical example is that the incident solar energy reaching the earth’s surface is equivalent to 9000 times the energy demand [48]. At present, however, aside from solar heat, solar energy is too expensive to be competitive with fossil, nuclear, and wind. Assuming the cost of solar power decreases as expected [49], solar will most likely make a significant contribution to the mix of energy sources that will make up the long-term future energy portfolio. Nuclear provides more concentrated energy in terms of land area, including the power plant and other industrial plants. However, for nuclear fission to sustainably provide electrical or thermal energy to store as an energy carrier, solutions to the disposal of radioactive waste and the control of proliferation of bomb-suitable material must be found. In addition, the great amount of safety measures taken to avoid reactor accidents have significantly increased the cost of nuclear energy. These barriers to sustainability require significant policy efforts and research and development, but they are not insurmountable [50]. Renewable and nuclear sources harness thermal energy, kinetic energy and solar irradiation and are used today to deliver these types of energy directly or to generate electricity. The best and most efficient use of this energy is to directly deliver and use it as much as possible without conversions. However, chemical energy carriers, with their high energy density, are well suited for portable applications such as transportation, as will be discussed further below. Whereas fossil and biomass resources are best used in chemical-to-chemical conversions, renewable and nuclear sources close the door on such processes while opening the door to produce chemical energy carriers by thermolytic, thermochemical looping, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical and photochemical conversions. Most of these processes are in fundamental stages of research that aim to demonstrate viability [51]. Electrochemical energy systems are farther along—today, a small fraction of hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis using inexpensive hydroelectricity, and fuel cells, which have long held interest for their potential to generate electric power from fossil fuels more efficiently than conventional combustion-driven power plants, are heavily researched. High temperature solid oxide cells in particular are making significant progress and approaching economic viability. Recently, various large businesses in California have installed solid oxide fuel cells – by taking advantage of the large self-generation incentives in that state, producing power on-site from natural gas using these cells is economical. Solid oxide cells are also beginning to appear very attractive for efficient conversion of renewable or nuclear electricity to chemical energy by electrolysis, [52] and Chapter 3. Intermittent resources like solar and wind are well suited to supply transportation energy: whereas their intermittency requires additional storage expenses in the power sector which requires energy on demand, vehicles store the energy on-board as an energy carrier, and with the right infrastructure the energy could be stored at any time of day, when it is available.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)