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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 44 land uses. In fact, as will be discussed later, one potentially optimal location for this process is the desert. A remote, sunny desert site could provide the inexpensive solar electricity and/or heat to run the process, and the system could be built right at that site. Algae-based biofuels share some of these same advantages over land-based biofuels. Still, like all biomass, aquatic biomass is optimized to support the life processes of the living organism, not to produce fuel. Further, living organisms are vulnerable to performance loss due to changes in environmental conditions or interaction with other living organisms. Even with genetic engineering it seems unlikely that an organism can be created that matches the efficiency, robustness, and economy that can be achieved by a more direct energy conversion. In comparison with hydrogen as a fuel, CO2-recycled fuels are a form of chemical storage of hydrogen alongside carbon. Production of such fuels would be similar to hydrogen production (and likely even involve the production of H2 by H2O dissociation) while distribution and consumption would be similar to that of other hydrocarbons (Figure 3-2). Fuel production can use a variety of sustainable resources, and the fuel is distributed and consumed using the existing hydrocarbon fuel based infrastructure and vehicles. The difficulties of a large-scale hydrogen-only fuel cycle—the significant efforts needed to store and distribute the highly volatile gas and to build an entirely new infrastructure—are avoided. Figure 3-1. CO2-recycled synthetic fuel cycles. a) once-through re-use of CO2, resulting in net CO2 emissions of approximately 1⁄2 versus the emissions that would occur without any re-use (both from the industrial plant and from transportation), b) continuous closed-loop carbon recycling via air capture of CO2, resulting in near zero net emissions. These approximations neglect life-cycle emissions of energy generation, CO2 capture, materials, construction, etc. CXHY represents hydrocarbon fuel.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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