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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 46 providing a potentially economical way of delivering renewable energy to the consumer. Synthetic fuel production using intermittent renewable electricity advantageously provides a large time-flexible demand for renewable electricity; synthetic fuels can be made preferentially when excess electricity supply is available, reducing the demand for energy storage systems that are designed to accept and return electric power (e.g. pumped hydro storage, compressed air storage, batteries, etc.). The fuel cycles of carbon-neutral hydrocarbons from various sources, alongside a hydrogen fuel cycle, are illustrated in Figure 3-2. A more thorough analysis of the sustainability of various energy carriers, including CO2-recycled synthetic fuels, is a topic of future work. This article examines the possible electrochemical, thermochemical, and photochemical pathways to produce CO2-recycled synthetic fuels, and it reviews the current status of the enabling technologies at each stage of the pathway (CO2 capture, H2O/CO2 dissociation, and fuel synthesis). This review mainly focuses on the dissociation stage, where the major energy conversion takes place. High temperature electrolysis of H2O and/or CO2 in a solid oxide cell to yield CO and H2 (syngas) followed by catalytic fuel synthesis is identified as one of the most promising routes. The technical and economic details of this particular process are then examined and the potential of the process is assessed, in terms of what technological progress is needed to make implementation feasible and the circumstances (physical location of deployment and energy market conditions) that would enable affordable implementation. 3.2. CO2-recycledSyntheticFuelPathways The synthetic fuel production process has several stages: (1) collection of energy, (2) collection of the oxides, H2O and CO2, (3) dissociation of the oxides, and (4) fuel synthesis from the products of stage 3. Within each stage, there are a number of technology options. Figure 3-3 presents a map of the possible pathways from the feedstocks to hydrocarbon fuels. Except for direct sunlight-driven processes, the energy collection stage can be considered external to the process; other pathways are not tied to a specific energy source but rather to intermediate heat or electricity. The energy can drive the dissociation of either CO2 or H2O, or both, resulting in energy-rich gas mixtures which are readily converted to convenient fuels. Shown in Figure 3-1 is the production of syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO) for fuel synthesis. Syngas is typically produced from coal and natural gas and used as a building block in well- known hydrocarbon fuel synthesis processes (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). Alternatively CO2 and H2O dissociation and fuel synthesis, and even CO2 capture, might be combined into a single step. Integration of multiple stages can be beneficial e.g. in terms of improved process simplicity and heat management. Some processes aim to combine all of the pieces into a single step (e.g. photochemical or photoelectrochemical dissociation of CO2 and H2O that yields hydrocarbons directly from a single unit). However, integration can also result in much morePDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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