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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 69 produce syngas directly via co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2, they reduce the system cost by eliminating the need for a RWGS reactor in the CO2-recycled fuel production process. They also enable an improvement in the net system efficiency via utilization of the waste heat of exothermic Fischer-Tropsch type reactors that would be used for fuel synthesis (this is further examined in section 3.3.1). However, heat management is more complicated for these high temperature cells and can more easily lead to energy losses, as well as higher capital costs due to materials and equipment failures or simply additional system costs that have been underestimated. Finally, durable performance at the high current densities that may be necessary remains yet to be proven. 3.2.2.4. Photoelectrolysis While an electrolysis cell could be powered by a PV source, an interesting combination of the two is a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell for hydrogen production [98, 202]. Such a cell has as either its anode or cathode a semiconductor photoelectrode immersed in an aqueous solution. The photoelectrode collects photons creating excited electrons which electrolyze water molecules at the interface with the aqueous electrolyte. At the interface, the electrode can be coated with an electrocatalyst that enhances the electrolysis reaction. In principle, such integration reduces the system capital cost and enables higher efficiency by reducing the losses in transporting electricity from the PV cell to the electrolysis cell, eliminating current collectors and interconnections between devices. In practice, several characteristics of the photoelectrode must be satisfied simultaneously: the electronic band gap of the photoelectrode must be low enough for efficient photon collecting from the solar spectrum (<2.2 eV) and high enough such that the excited electrons have enough energy to split water (>1.23 eV or typically at least 1.6-1.7 eV for sufficient rates), the band edges must straddle the water electrolysis redox potentials, and the photoelectrode must be stable and resistant to corrosion in the aqueous electrolyte [202]. These constraints rule out most inexpensive, conventional PV, yet the photoelectrode should also have a similar photoconversion efficiency as conventional PV to give this option an advantage over a PV- electrolysis system made up of separate units. Research focuses on a multitude of electrodes, including semiconductor oxides such as TiO2, CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and composite oxides tailored to yield appropriate band gaps, and multijunction cells with two or more semiconductor layers, e.g. Si as one layer with the other layer (GaInPN, CuGaSe2, etc) protecting it from corrosion. Sunlight-driven dissociation of H2O directly on TiO2 is an active field of research. However, the broad band gap of TiO2 limits the efficiency of absorbing sunlight [203]. Several approaches to widen the wavelength sensitivity range of TiO2 have been studied, including doping with transition metals or nitrogen, and dye photosensitization [203]. While research in dye-sensitized solar electric cells have made progress towards practical implementation, dye- sensitized water photolysis cells have not produced significant yields and the materials havePDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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