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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 76 If the process is driven by an intermittent power source, the efficiency will likely be somewhat lower. For example, if the electrolyzer is driven by solar power, the cells must either be heated up and cooled down each day (thermal cycling) or kept hot throughout the night, and they should be kept hot during power supply interruptions (e.g. due to clouds). This extra heating uses energy, lowering net efficiency. However, preliminary analysis of the heat management energy consumption for a well-insulated cell stack indicates that the impact on the net efficiency may be minor. In this analysis, these additional energy expenditures are encompassed in the ―auxiliary components‖ in the energy balance (Table 3-2). The degradation rate we assumed may in fact be lower because there may be fewer impurities in the gas stream, which likely contribute to the degradation [39], because the gases will be supplied from clean air-captured CO2 and vaporized H2O in the renewable fuel cycle rather than the way they are supplied in the lab tests – CO2 which originates from fossil resources and therefore contains trace sulfur and other contaminants, and H2 (also fossil- originated) and O2 which are combusted to make steam for the lab tests [37, 39]. CO2-recycled fuels will also have higher purity (e.g. without sulfur contaminants) than fossil- or biomass- derived fuels. On the other hand, cell performance may degrade more quickly, if driven by an intermittent power source – the long-term durability of cells has not yet been extensively tested with such a degree of start-stop operation of applied voltage. If thermal cycling is necessary, degradation may be faster [232]. However, this depends on the cell; some studies have observed only minor degradation through tens of thermal cycles [99, 193, 232]. If a high pressure electrolysis cell is developed, the syngas compression step can be replaced with an electrolysis-stage H2O + CO2 compression step (in addition to potential improvements in the cell current density, as has been demonstrated for low temperature electrolyzers – see section 3.2.2.3.1). No energy credit (and in the next section, no economic credit) is given for the high- purity byproduct O2 generated at the anode during electrolysis. Overall, the analysis presented here is simplified and requires more investigation into operation parameters and heat management strategies before implementation. However, it is useful to estimate the energy balance and economics. 3.3.2. Economics and Implementation Based on the above energy balance and the assumptions of Table 3-3, the cost of the process is estimated in Figure 3-7a. The cost estimate assumes mass production of the components. It shows that synthetic gasoline could be produced by this process at USD $2/gal ($0.53/L or $15/GJ), a price competitive with the current wholesale price of conventionalPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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