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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 77 gasoline, if electricity costs $0.02/kWh. The cost of producing synthetic diesel would be similar. It is clear that electricity makes up the majority of the total cost. This supports running the electrolysis cells as near 100% efficiency as possible, as we have assumed. However, the electrolysis capital cost depends on the current, the degradation rate, the cell lifetime, and the intermittency with which the cell is used (see section 3.2.2.3), all of which are uncertainties since the technology is not fully mature and operation has not been fully optimized. If the cell stack is driven solely by a solar electricity source it will only be used about 20% of the time, which will increase the capital cost by a factor of fiveix assuming that the lifetime of the cell stack is not extended by only operating it part of the time. Table 3-3. Assumptions for cost estimate (also see Table 3-2 for assumed electricity consumption). Cost of CO2 capture Cost of H2O Cost of fuel synthesis Cost of dissociation Operating temperature Electrolysis cell stack Stack life Balance of system Balance of system life Initial current density Initial stack ASR Average degradation rate Capacity factor Operating and maintenance $30 per tCO2 [2] and [see section 3.2.1], broken down into 0.32 kWh/kgCO2 electricity and $15/tCO2 capital cost based on [2] $1 per m3 [see section 3.2.1] $1.50 per GJ Fischer-Tropsch gasoline or diesel from syngasa [215, 230] 850 °C $2000 per m2 investment including financingb 5 Years $5000 per m2 investment including financingb 20 years –0.50 A cm-2 0.30 Ω cm2 0.006 mΩ cm2 h-1 (based on galvanostatic degradation rates [37, 38]) 100% = 1 – intermittency $0.5 per GJ fuelc a Fischer-Tropsch diesel has been estimated as economically competitive when crude oil is at around $20/barrel [230]. The cost of synthetic gasoline production by FT is similar, although the process is more complex [215]. This includes the cost of natural gas and reforming it to syngas, which typically accounts for 60-70% of the capital and running costs of the total plant [215]. With 6.1 GJ per barrel oil equivalent, this gives somewhat less than $1.50/GJ for producing fuel from syngas; therefore $1.50/GJ is a conservative estimate. Similar estimates have been made for methanol synthesis [233, 234]. b This falls within the range of estimates for the cost of manufacturing in large-scale mass production and installing the stack and system [32, 200, 201, 235]. Note that the stack life is shorter than the system life, so stacks will be replaced several times during the operating life of the system. c This operating and maintenance cost corresponds to around 10% of the installed capital cost, which is in a similar range as or larger than O&M cost estimates for relevant industrial plants such as coal and natural gas based liquid fuel production [236, 237], but lower than estimates for large alkaline electrolysis plants [95, 238]. The level of automation of the facility will likely have a large impact on the O&M cost. ix The CO2 capture and fuel synthesis costs may not be affected much because they could still be operated continually by using buffers for the electricity and gasses. Since these stages consume relatively little energy the total cost should not be significantly affected by including a small electricity storage system (which could even be some of the produced syngas or synthetic fuel, e.g. using some of the solid oxide cells reversibly as fuel cells to produce electricity) and gas storage reservoirs for the CO2 and if needed, syngasPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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