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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 78 Figure 3-7. Estimate of synthetic fuel cost vs electricity price using (a) the assumptions of Table 3-3 including constant operation, (b) the same assumptions but with highly intermittent operation (a 20% capacity factor), and operating the electrolyzer at a higher current density with (c) constant operation and (d) highly intermittent operation. See discussion in the text about the higher current density scenario. The sensitivity of the fuel production cost to intermittent operation of the electrolyzer is examined in Figure 3-7b, which uses the same assumptions as before but with a capacity factor of 20%. The capital cost has increased so much that even if the electricity was free, economically competitive fuels cannot be produced. In fact, commercial alkaline electrolyzers could be used at nearly the same cost in this case. However, as discussed earlier, solid oxide electrolysis cells can easily run at a higher current density without impacting the efficiency; we limited the current density to prevent degradation. If we instead assume that the cell stack could be run at –2 A/cm2, the approximate full current density attainable at 1.45 V, with a degradation rate only three times higher than was assumed at –0.5 A/cm2, then fuel production at USD $2/gal becomes feasible with highly intermittent operation, with an electricity price of 2 U.S. cents per kWh (Figure 3-7d). At constant operation the electrolyzer capital cost becomes almost negligible, enabling competitive fuel production using electricity priced at 3 U.S. centsPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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