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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 79 per kWh (Figure 3-7c). Alternatively, the same fuel production costs can be attained by operating at a more modest –1 A/cm2 with the same 5 year stack lifetime and driving the investment cost down to half. Another uncertainty which must be considered is the cost of capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. For every $10/tCO2 increase in the cost of CO2 capture, the cost of the fuel produced will increase by 6 U.S. cents per gal (2 cents/L or $0.45/GJ). While the fuel production price is less sensitive to the cost of air capture than to the electricity cost, it is not insignificant. From this simple analysis several conclusions can be made about the process: With a constant power supply, synthetic gasoline can be produced at around $2/gal ($0.53/L) only if the electricity price is less than 3 U.S. cents/kWh. This is true for the base case of the electrolyzer technology and in case of significant technology improvements (even if the electrolyzer had zero capital cost). If a higher gasoline price of $3/gal ($0.78/L) is competitive, the price of electricity driving the synthetic fuel process must be 4-5 U.S. cents/kWh, which is a similar range to recent average wholesale electricity prices in the U.S. Regarding the capital cost, intermittency is a very important factor which deserves a more detailed economic analysis. Without intermittency, electricity—not the electrolyzer capital cost—dominates the cost of fuel production. However, with intermittent power, economical fuel production using 2 U.S. cents/kWh electricity will depend on some improvements in electrolyzer technology – greater durability in high current density operation and/or lower investment cost. Optimizing cells to maintain durable performance while operating at the high current density attainable at the thermoneutral voltage is a straightforward way to reduce the capital cost. Reducing the investment cost may require focus on the balance of system components since these components may dominate the investment cost [200, 201]. Fuel synthesis and CO2 air capture are stages that would not be present for a hydrogen fuel cycle. The hydrogen fuel cycle would instead have a high cost of distribution since a new infrastructure would need to be built. In the CO2-recycled fuel production process, the net cost of fuel synthesis and CO2 air capture together is at most $6/GJ fuel (based on an capture cost of $100/tCO2, which is on the high end of estimates for air capture [51]). A hydrogen distribution infrastructure including filling stations has been estimated to cost at least this much if not several times more [239, 240] depending on the level of market penetration. These costs would come in the form of massive capital investments which would demand immediate widespread adoption of hydrogen fueled vehicles in order to be economical. CO2-recycled hydrocarbon fuels, on the other hand, canPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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