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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 80 smoothly substitute into the existing hydrocarbon fuel infrastructure and scale up naturally as the market demands. From an economic standpoint, the process should always be run with a constant-supply power source because constant operation lowers the capital cost. Therefore, hydroelectric, geothermal, or nuclear power would be preferable. Iceland appears to be in a unique position, as mentioned in Sec 2.1. Iceland has an abundance of inexpensive geothermal and hydroelectric energy. Due to Iceland’s isolated location the country cannot export this energy directly as electricity. The country exports this energy embedded in products like aluminum. Producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels by this method would be another, potentially extremely valuable, avenue to exporting this low cost renewable energy. In most cases, though, excess constant-supply power is not available. Synthetic fuel production will compete with other electricity consumers for a time-varying supply of electricity. Since synthetic fuel production does not need electricity on demand, it could take advantage of intermittent electricity sources which do not work well on the power grid. Storage of intermittent renewable energy as synthetic fuels could be an advantageous way to get that renewable energy to the consumer, as mentioned in the introduction (section 3.1). The most advantageous intermittent electricity sources would be those that are situated in ideal locations for energy collection, which can include remote locations far from existing electricity grid infrastructure. Solar power in a sunny desert is one such scenario that can provide cheap intermittent electricity. Solar insolation can be several times higher in the desert than in regions that need fuel. Therefore, a renewable electricity source that is currently too expensive to situate near the electric grid to provide grid electricity might be used in a remote location to economically produce high value fuels. Furthermore, PV deployment in non-grid applications can benefit the cost learning-curve for PV cells [241], accelerating the cost reductions necessary for PV to become competitive in the grid. If the synthetic fuel technology were to be implemented in the dry desert, water supply might be a concern. However, the water needed for electrolysis and other components of the process could simply be transported to the site by the same means that the fuel product would be transported away from the site. The volume of water required for producing the hydrogen embedded in fuel only slightly exceeds the amount of fuel produced. Solid oxide electrolysis cells are also being considered for integration with wind power. Excess bursts of wind power could be very cheap, but such a power source would be highly intermittent, requiring a very inexpensive electrolysis capital cost to produce gasoline for less than USD $2-3 per gallon. On the other hand, grid-connectivity could be advantageous. Operating the solid oxide cells reversibly, as electrolysis cells when the renewable electricity is supplied and as fuel cells when consumers demand electricity, may be an advantageous method of large-scale electricityPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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