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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 82 well as independence from the geographic and supply related issues of conventional fuels, could also give CO2-recycled fuels a market advantage. 3.4. Conclusion This article has reviewed and analyzed numerous ways sustainable hydrocarbon fuels could be produced from CO2, H2O, and renewable and/or nuclear energy. A process to produce such fuels has three stages: (1) CO2 capture, (2) storage of the renewable or nuclear energy as chemical energy by dissociation of CO2 and/or H2O, and (3) fuel synthesis using the dissociation products. Combining more than one stage into a single unit is possible, but there may be benefits to optimizing each stage separately. The status of the enabling technologies for each stage was examined, with special focus on the various thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical energy conversion technologies that could be used for dissociation of H2O and CO2, the stage with the highest energy consumption. Capturing CO2 from the atmosphere using a solid sorbent, electrolyzing H2O and CO2 in high temperature solid oxide cells to yield a mixture of H2 and CO (syngas), and producing gasoline or diesel from the syngas in a catalytic reactor (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch) was identified as one of the most promising, feasible routes and analyzed further in terms of energy balance and economics. Based on the energy balance and economics estimates presented for this particular co- electrolysis based cycle, the state-of-the-art technologies at each stage of the cycle can be combined to work together efficiently today with an electricity-to-liquid fuel conversion efficiency of about 70%, and with mass production of the components, economic viability is feasible. With an electricity price of less than 3 U.S. cents per kWh from a constant power supply (e.g. geothermal, hydroelectric, or nuclear), the synthetic fuel price could be competitive with gasoline at around USD $2 per gallon ($0.53/L). If a higher gasoline price of $3/gal ($0.78/L) is competitive, the price of electricity driving the synthetic fuel process must be 4-5 U.S. cents/kWh, which is a similar range to recent average wholesale electricity prices in the U.S. Intermittent power sources would significantly increase the the capital cost of the electrolyzer. With intermittent operation, economical fuel production most likely requires additional technology development on the electrolysis system to reduce the capital cost (via achieving durable high current density operation and/or lower manufacturing cost). Several developments could enable competitive fuel production using any inexpensive sustainable power sources: Further development of the CO2 air capture process and full-scale demonstration, followed by cost reductions from mass production. In the near term, however, CO2 collected from industrial sources rather than the atmosphere could be used in the non- closed-loop version of the synthetic fuel process.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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